340 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. 



and down the Jetty to Valley. (Plate 88.) eluniper trees come close to 

 the ruin and are abundant on the mesa, not having been consumed for 

 fuel, as near the present Hopi towns. This is due, perhaps, to the 

 use of lignite at Kawaiokuh. During the winter the Navaho move up 

 from the valley to their hogans among the junipers, where fuel is con- 

 venient and snow furnishes water. Many varieties of plants grow on 

 the mesa, which at this elevation (6,200 feet) assumes the aspect of the 

 White Mountain slopes. 



In the gorges below the ruin are seen springs which hold out for 

 some time into the dry season. Jettyto spring issuing from the shales 

 at the base of the mesa is permanent, and no doubt furnished water 

 for Kawaiokuh, though at the cost of much labor in bringing it up to 

 the pueblo. 



The front of the village was built close to the edge of the mesa, 

 though enough space was left for passage around. The rear of the 

 village is comparatively straight.^ The houses near the edge of the 

 mesa were several stories in height, and some of the rooms were large 

 and well plastered with red clay mixed with sand. The walls of a 

 room excavated were covered with numerous coats of plaster, on the 

 surface of which various designs had been painted in color. (Plate 

 89.) The floors were broad slabs of flagstone. The masonry is of 

 small cubes of sandstone laid in mud and shows inferior workmanship 

 like that of the present pueblos. No scattering houses were to be seen 

 around the pueblo nor were there traces of shrines or pictographs. 



On the bench below the cliff a pottery-burning place was discovered, 

 and by carefully removing the layers of soil the bed on which the pot- 

 tery was set up was exposed. (Plate 90, fig. 1.) This layer was made 

 up of ashes mainly composed of the slaty portions of the lignite burn- 

 ing white or red. There were bits of white sandstone also, and char- 

 coal of twigs and stones. Near this spot was unearthed a heap of 

 fragments of vessels broken in firing. (Plate 90, fig. 2.) 



Kawaiokuh has been devastated in a thorough manner by the Navaho, 

 and there was grievous evidence that their wasteful methods had 

 destroyed far more than was saved. The burials in which the finest 

 ware had been placed were found in the debris among the rocks at the 

 foot of the cliff and extended entirely around the front of the pueblo. 

 The slope at the west side of the village above the gorge had also been 

 an important cemetery. There is no cemetery at a distance from the 

 pueblo, as at Awatobi, and it appears that the latter pueblo is unique in 

 this respect among the related Jettyto ruins. 



After numerous trial excavations it was determined to clear out one 

 of the higher house masses on the edge of the mesa. Very soon in 

 the course of this work it was discovered that the front rooms had 

 been devoted to burials and eventually a considerable collection of pot- 



« See Mindeleff' s plan, Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. 



