i. 



ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 343 



Toy potteiy vessels are plentiful, representing^ vases, cups, dippers, 

 and bowls; one in form of a gourd, and one miniature vase of gray 

 ware of excellent form and finish should be mentioned. A pottery 

 object in form of a hollow cone, with perforations around the base, is 

 supposed to have been used as the nose of a mask. Several tubular 

 pipes (see Plate 52, tig. 4) were taken out. 



Hundreds of fragments of the concave disks of rude pottery with 

 perforations around the edge, indicating a diameter of from 8 to 12 

 inches, were seen in the debris. (See p. 337.) 



Among the pottery objects found at Kawaiokuh is a fragment of a 

 thick rectangular slab, with two shallow saucers in the upper surface. 

 From traces of adhering color, this was no doubt used for mixing 

 paint. 



Stone working at Kawaiokuh had not reached by many degrees the 

 perfection attained in clay working. This remark is true for^he whole 

 Pueblo region, where the worked stone is much inferior to that of the 

 ancient inhabitants of Ohio. Still, in the Pueblo region, there was 

 considerable variation in workmanship among the different tribes and 

 also in some lines, as in mosaic and bead making there was great pro- 

 ficiency. It must be said that for careless and crude manufacture of 

 stone implements, the tribes going to form the Hopi complex were 

 among the first, though on the other hand quite a variety of imple- 

 ments, ornaments, etc., were fashioned of stone. 



The primitive spherical hand hammer is common at Kawaiokuh, 

 where it was employed, no doubt, for battering corn mills, etc., as it is 

 among the present pueblos, where the writer has observed it in use.^ 

 Grooved hammers of different sizes are also found. The large grooved 

 hammers seem to have been used in wood gathering; they are some- 

 times met with among the juniper trees at a distance from villages. 

 Axes, sometimes double-bitted, had their principal use also in getting 

 out beams and chopping wood. Occasionally ceremonial implements 

 in the form of highly polished axes and hammers of actinolite, a beau- 

 tiful and much-prized stone, are picken up on the ruins. Two fine 

 specimens of this character were secured from Sa-a-la-ko, the chief 

 Snake woman of the Hopi, mother of the leader of the snake fraternity 

 of Walpi. Aside from actinolite, the material of hammers and axes 

 is chert, sandstone, and basalt of inferior quality. 



The arrow smoothers from this locality were made by securing a 

 suitable piece of stone, dressing down a face, and making a groove 

 across it. The materials are coarse and fine sandstone, claystone, 

 and soapstone. This implement must be divided in two classes, one 

 in which the arrow-shaft was smoothed by attrition, and the other in 

 which when the stone was heated the shafts were straightened. In 

 the latter class often a companion stone, also grooved, was placed over 



« American Anthropologist, X, June, 1897, p. 191. 



