ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELB WORK IN ARIZONA. 345 



the wall near one end and was pro})a])ly made for a whistle. The tips 

 of an antler and several other bones appear to have been employed in 

 flint chipping. A circular ornament cut from the skull of some animal 

 and having a hole near the edge for suspension was taken out. 



The pigments used for various purposes at Kawaiokuh were found 

 to be similar to those collected at Kokopnyama. 



Wicker and coiled basketry like that described from Kokopnyama 

 was made at Kawaiokuh (Plate 97, figs. 1, 2, and 4). The bed or mat 

 of twigs often placed beneath the more important dead was, as far as 

 the condition of the specimens allow to be made out, constructed of 

 interlaced shoots of Rhus trilohata, the ends of the shoots turned in and 

 thrust among the interlacings forming an edge. Matting of yucca, 

 the making of which has been long discontinued among the Hopi, was 

 also used to enwrap the dead, as shown (Plate 97, fig. 5), where remains 

 of matting adhered to the lower jaw of the skeleton. Strips of the 

 fibrous leaf of the yucca were used for tying. 



Specimens of the felt-like masks of the down of birds were also col- 

 lected at Kawaiokuh, as at Kokopnyama. (See p. 339.) 



Squash seed, beans, corn, and cotton seed were found in the graves. 

 Sometimes a bunch of ears of corn, probably roasted and secured 

 together by the husks for hanging in the house as the Hopi do at 

 present, were uncovered. The cotton seed resembles in size and 

 appearance that still raised by the Oraibi at Moenkopi. 



The offerings of prepared food to the dead in the ancient ruins are 

 rarely in such condition as to admit of identification. At Kawaiokuh, 

 however, one of these offerings was plainly a round, thick tortilla, 

 such as the Hopi call pilabaki. 



While at Kokopnj^ama pahos seem to be absent; at Kawaiokuh they 

 are numerous in the graves and are the only wooden objects that have 

 been preserved. It may be said that the cause of this is the carbonate 

 of copper pigment with which the pahos were covered. Three kinds 

 of pahos were noticed — one a short, slender stick sharpened at one 

 end; another larger, with carved head, and still another a stout rod 

 having a flat tablet fastened to the upper portion." No traces of other 

 colors than green are observable on these pahos. Remains of pine 

 needles and feathers still adhere to the tablets, and in one case the 

 small mass of meal (niisha, "sustenance"), customarily^ added by the 

 Hopi to certain pahos, as those of the flute society, was preserved. 



In regard to the distribution of pahos in this region, it may be said 

 that while they are sparsely represented in the ruins of the Little 

 Colorado Valley and the north side of the White and Mogollon 

 mountains, they are most numerous in the ruins around Hopi mesas, 

 especially in the latter ruins. In the excavation of Old Wolpi, 



« See Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 736- 

 739, for pahos found by Dr. Fewkes at Awatobi and Sikyatki. 



