ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 349 



It must be said also that in drawing they take high rank in that they 

 displayed an appreciation of the quality of lines and attacked complex 

 subjects, which they rendered with accuracy, freedom, and boldness. 



Their colors were applied by means of a slender strip of yucca leaf, 

 as a rule, where accurate work was sought. In some cases, however, 

 there is evidence that a larger, soft-ended brush, possibly of hair, was 

 used, and the design painted on hurriedly and roughly. It is true 

 that the pottery of any one of these pueblos furnishes examples show- 

 ing varying degrees of skill, though the average is high for pottery 

 of the better class. 



AGE OF JETTYTO VALLEY RUINS. 



It is fortunate that the dates of the discovery (1540) and of the 

 destruction of Awatobi (1700) are known. From these dates it is 

 possible to approximate the age of the related pueblos and to get a 

 clue as to the period of the migrations from the Rio Grande. These 

 migrations extend over a considerable length of time, but there is 

 traditional material relating to all the settlements, portions of which 

 have been collected by J. Walter Fewkes'^ and A. M. Stephen.* 



Previous to the year 1700, when the last migration from the Rio 

 Grande brought the Tewans of the present town of Hano, many clans 

 from the east settled in Tusayan. One comparatively late migration 

 was due to the unsettled conditions on the Rio Grande caused by the 

 pueblo insurrection of 1680. These migrants founded the pueblos of 

 Payupki and Tebungkihu, now in ruins near the East and Middle 

 Mesas. They withdrew again to the Rio Grande at the instance of 

 Padre Menchero when- the trouble had passed. 



The settlements at Sikyatki, Awatobi, and the other great Jettyto 

 towns were more permanent and endured to all appearances for sev- 

 eral centuries. The first Rio Grande migration undoubtedly ante- 

 dates the conquest (1540); it may not be possible, however, to deter- 

 mine the length of time beyond that date that the elettyto pueblos 

 were occupied. In 1540, when Awatobi was visited by Tobar, it was 

 a village of 800 souls, the only Hopi village besides Oraibi, then 

 located on a mesa.^ Later visitors to Awatobi were Espejo, 1583; 

 Onate, 1598, and Vargas, 1692. In 1700 it was destroyed b}^ Hopi 

 from the pueblos a few miles to the north, having remained on its 



«In various reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, American Anthropologist, and Folk 

 Lore Journal. Quite a full account may be found in the Seventeenth Annual Report 

 of the Bureau of Ethnology, to which I am indebted. See also the recent paper on 

 Tusayan migration traditions. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 

 1901. 



?> Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1886-87. 



c J. W. Fewkes, Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1895. 



