350 REPOET OF NATIOIS^AL MUSEUM, 1901. 



location for one hundred and sixty years during the historic period, 

 and inferentially having been built long before 1540. At that date, 

 also, the three very large pueblos to the east of Awatobi, and also 

 Sikyatki, had been abandoned, as Tobar makes no mention of them. 

 This, of course, is negative evidence. It seems likely, therefore, that, 

 as Dr. Fewkes has suggested, this migration probably occurred in the 

 fifteenth century. 



The impression the writer received on the study of these ruins is 

 that Kawaiokuh^^ and Chakpahu were contemporory with Awatobi. 

 Like Sikyatki, they mark the period of the highest development of 

 the potter's art in Tusayan. Kokopnyama, however, seems older; the 

 pottery is not so good and it is possible that it is the first settlement 

 in this region from the Rio Grande. The important clan of the Fire 

 or Firewood is known to have lived at Tebungkihu and Sikyatki;^ it 

 may be that Sikyatki was settled from Kokopnyama. The pottery of 

 Chakpahu is the finest to be found in Tusayan. This pueblo was the 

 center of the manufacture of the splendid hapiform vases characteristic 

 of this region, and innumerable beautiful fragments are to be seen 

 in the debris. At Kokopnyama sherds of such vases are very few; at 

 Kawaiokuh there are about as many as at Awatobi. The ruins of 

 Sikyatki have furnished some fine examples, figured in Dr. Fewkes's 

 monograph.* 



One of the most beautiful specimens in existence, taken out by an 

 Indian at Chakpahu, was secured by Mr. P. G. Gates in 1901. 



If there were no traditions among the Hopi relating to the five 

 pueblos mentioned, comparative methods would show that the bold 

 symbolism on the pottery relates them to the Keresan pueblos, which 

 furnish the onl}^ ware among the present village dwellers that is similar 

 in style of ornamentation. We may conclude, therefore, that superior 

 ceramics, both in texture and decoration, were brought to the Hopi 

 from the east as early as the fifteenth century. 



The main feature of interest in this connection is the extent to which 

 the Hopi culture has been modified by that of the Rio Grande peoples. 

 The region of the upper Rio Grande, with its superior advantages as 

 to food supply, due to the abundant water, has been the cradle of 

 pueblo culture, and to these favorable conditions, as well as its posi- 

 tion on migration lines, it may have received the first settlements of 

 hunter tribes forced into the pueblo region. Undoubtedly these con- 

 ditions have determined the perpetuation of the majority of the exist- 

 ing pueblos. From this region we would expect various populations 

 to swarm in search of new homes. The Navaho also were modified for 

 their betterment by contact with the Rio Grande culture and by racial 



« Mr. F. W. Hodge informs me that this is also the Keresan or Queres name of the 

 pueblo of Laguna. 



& Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. 2. 



