ARCHEOLOGIOAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 355 



region; Forcstdale (see p. 289), in the Apache Reservation; the Tule- 

 rosa and Upper San Francisco rivers, etc. ; in general, the region south 

 and southwest of Zuni, with as yet undefined boundaries but mani- 

 festly an area of great extent, are of this class. As said by Cushing, 

 the traditions clearly show that the Zuni stock is made up of two ele- 

 ments, the one preponderating and more virile from the north, and 

 the other from the south, which Cushing seems inclined to connect 

 with the Yuman of the Lower Rio Colorado or the Piman stock. ^* It 

 may be said in passing that a census of the immense collection of mod- 

 ern Zuni pottery in the U. S. National Museum includes a number of 

 pieces of red ware, principally in form of bowls with polished surface, 

 which remind one strongl}^ of Pima pottery. 



Little work has been done on Zuiii archeology, nor is the pueblo 

 unique in this respect; so that the starting points, ancient migration 

 lines, or stopping places on the way from the north or south are yet 

 to be worked out. Perhaps this hint as to the dual and hachure design 

 may serve as a clew in the further prosecution of this research, which 

 presents only one of many problems that await elucidation in that 

 fascinating field, the ancient Southwest. 



SYMBOLISM. 



There remains also much work to be done on the subject of symbol- 

 ism, and like many other matters connected with the Indians, who are 

 daily losing something of their old life, the time for this study is the 

 present. 



A world of symbolism painted on pottery lies beneath the ancient 

 ruins of Arizona, besides that which has already been taken out by 

 responsible and irresponsible parties. Nowhere has symbolism played 

 such important part as in the pueblos of the Hopi group, and nowhere 

 is the study of them so interesting, both on account of the fullness of 

 the material and the relationship to existing peoples who to-day have 

 a living body of symbols. Here is an advantage presented in the study 

 of pueblo archeology over that of other regions in the United States. 

 Representatives of the prehistoric peoples are still living in the region 

 where the ancient clans wandered, preserving in some degree the 

 ancient thought and in less degree the ancient arts. To them we may 

 refer the finds taken from the ground with some reasonable hope of 

 explaining obscure points or of finding clues that will lead to the 

 explanation, whereas in other regions there are many problems that 

 can receive no aid from living tribes. 



Nowhere on this continent is there found a greater wealth of sym- 

 bolism than in the region of the Hopi mesas, among the living as well 

 as among the dead. The expression of this symbolism is also of an 



« Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1891-92, p. 342. 



