order named, were still the leading three states, with 

 a total production of 8,700,000,000 feet, two-thirds 

 pine ; but in 1918 they had fallen to eighth, thirteenth, 

 and eleventh, respectively, and their total output had 

 fallen to 3,220,000,000 board feet, of which only 35 

 per cent was white pine mostly from Minnesota. 

 Wisconsin now produces less than the second-growth 

 cut of either Maine or New Hampshire, and Michigan, 

 from leading the country- from 1870 to 1895, now 

 actually cuts less than half as much as Massachusetts. 



As the Lake States forests dwindled, white-pine 

 lumber went down, both in quantity and quality, and 

 Norway and jack pines and even tamarack were 

 admitted as lower grades of "northern pine lumber." 

 The fine quality timber which gave white pine its 

 reputation is now nearly all gone. In Minnesota two- 

 thirds or more of the cut is box lumber. Only small, 

 scattered remnants of the old-growth white-pine for- 

 ests remain in Wisconsin and upper Michigan, and 

 in lower Michigan, the most widely known tract covers 

 about 100 acres. 



Hemlock. As the higher grades of pine grew 

 scarce and expensive, hemlock, once left in the woods 

 as worthless, began to compete with the successively 

 lower grades of pine introduced. Hemlock production 

 reached its peak 1,600,000,000 about 1906. In 1914 

 the cut had fallen to little more than a billion, and in 

 1918 to 800,000,000. This does not, however, include 

 the cut for pulp, which would increase the total vol- 

 ume by about one-third. By affording a market for 

 cordwood, pulp manufacture is taking the small hem- 

 lock timber along with the large and thus delaying 



10 



