THE ANNUAL DRAIN UPON THE FOREST 

 Lumber cut compared with total cut. The normal 

 lumber cut of about 3~y 2 billion board feet forms less 

 than half of the total volume of wood cut annually 

 in the Lake States for all purposes. The lumber cut 

 is equivalent of about 770 million cubic feet of 

 standing timber. The total output of wood in all 

 forms is close to 1,600 million cubic feet. The classes 

 of output not covered in the lumber-cut statistics in- 

 clude pulp wood, fuel, and distillate wood, hewed 

 ties, posts and poles, and logs and bolts used for 

 veener and other purposes. Of these, pulp wood and 

 distillate wood make up probably 130 million and 

 fuel wood 600 million cubic feet. The remaining 100 

 million cubic feet consists of veener, cooperage, ex- 

 celsior stock, ties, posts, poles, and other products. 



Deterioration of the forest. In addition to the 

 cut there is a constant loss to standing timber from 

 fire, wind, insects, disease, etc., probably amounting 

 to an annual average of from one-fourth to one-half 

 of 1 per cent of the stand. This is equal to one-half 

 billion board feet, or 110,000,000 cubic feet, of stand- 

 ing timber. It includes such losses as that of tama- 

 rack, of which, as previously shown, about 2 billion 

 board feet has been killed by the sawfly in Minne- 

 sota alone. There is also considerable loss from de- 

 cay following injuries, such as frost cracks and ice 

 breakage. In most of the commercial stands damage 

 from these sources is not made up by growth, since 

 these forests are generally much beyond the age of 

 active growth. 



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