CODLING MOTH IN CENTRAL APPALACHIAN REGION. 3 



larvae taken from them were counted and placed in rearing jars. In 

 1911 the larvae were collected and the rearing jars examined every 

 10 or 12 days, and in 1912 and 1913 the examinations were made 

 every 3 or 4 days. During the course of the work more than 20,000 

 larvae were collected and placed in the jars for rearing. 



The jars containing the larvae were supplied with small devices 

 made of thin pieces of wood bound together, with openings between 

 into which the larvae entered to "spin up." It was found that strips 

 cut from sheets of transparent celluloid could be used under the wood 

 to advantage, as this permitted the wood covering to be removed for 

 the purpose of examining the larvae or pupae without tearing or dis- 

 arranging the cocoon. The jars were covered with cheesecloth and 

 were placed under shelter, usually in open sheds, where they had 

 out-of-door temperature. These sheds were always located near the 

 orchard in which the larva? had been collected. The jars were exam- 

 ined on the same dates as the bands, and the moths that had issued 

 at each examination were counted and destroyed. Larvae that win- 

 tered were preserved and records were made of the date they issued 

 as moths the spring following. So far as possible the band records 

 were checked and supplemented by observations on the condition of 

 the insect in the orchard. 



EXPLANATION OF THE USE OF TERMS. 



The terminology of this paper is made to conform as nearly as 

 possible with that of previous papers on the codling moth issued by 

 the bureau. The term ''generation" applies to the moth in all its 

 stages from the egg to the adult, regardless of whether the life cycle 

 is completed in one season or whether the insect winters during its 

 development, in which case the life cycle would occupy parts of two 

 seasons. The term "brood" is used to designate the insect in any 

 of its four stages. Broods of eggs, larvae, pupae, and imagos occur 

 normally, with more or less seasonal regularity, in the orchards of 

 any given locality, and the term "brood" usually refers to the individ- 

 uals in the aggregate of any particular stage of a given generation. 



In the Appalachian section a first brood and a partial, or prac- 

 tically full, second brood of larva? occur annually. In some southern 

 localities a small third brood is possible. Some of the larvae of the 

 first brood and practically all those of the second brood winter in 

 the cocoon. These are all spoken of as "wintering larvae." In the 

 spring these wintering larva? transform to "spring pupae," which in 

 turn develop into "spring moths." The spring-brood moths produce 

 "first-brood eggs," from which hatch "first-brood larvae." The indi- 

 viduals of this generation that complete their transformation during 

 the first season are known in their successive stages as "first-brood 



