22 FARMERS' BULLETIN 851. 



COMPACT HEAPING OF MANURE. 



Another method of disposing of manure has been recommended by 

 English writers, as a result of experience in preventing fly breeding 

 in the large accumulations of horse manure around army camps. 

 A rectangular area of ground is staked off and the daily accumula- 

 tions of manure are hauled on to this area, and dumped. It is then 

 built up into a compact heap, the sides of which are straight and 

 beaten hard with shovels. The ground around the edges of the heap 

 is made smooth and hard and then some loose straw is placed in 

 small windrows around the manure pile about 1 foot from the edge. 

 By pressing down the manure into a compact heap, air is excluded 

 from the interior. This condition, together with the high tempera- 

 ture and gases formed by fermentation, tends to make the heap an 

 unfavorable place for the development of fly larvae. Those which 

 do happen to develop in the surface layers will migrate when fully 

 fed and pupate in the ring of straw around the heap. This straw, 

 with pup 83 in it, is swept up every two or three days and burned. 



TREATMENT OF MISCELLANEOUS BREEDING PLACES. 



It is just as true under farm conditions as in cities that breeding 

 places other than horse manure must be attended to. Garbage must 

 be disposed of, hog and poultry manure must be cared for, and espe- 

 cially on dairy farms it is extremely important that every precaution 

 be taken to prevent the contamination of milk by flies. Care and 

 cleanliness, combined with some of the arrangements just described, 

 will measurably affect the fly nuisance in neighboring buildings. 



SEWAGE DISPOSAL IN RELATION TO THE PREVENTION OF ELY-BORNE DISEASES. 



In the consideration of these measures we have not touched upon 

 the remedies for house flies breeding in human excrement. On 

 account of the danger of the carriage of typhoid fever, the dropping 

 of human excrement in the open in cities or towns, either in vacant 

 lots or in dark alleyways, should be made a misdemeanor, and the 

 same care should be taken by the sanitary authorities to remove or 

 cover up such depositions as is taken in the removal of the bodies, of 

 dead animals. For modern methods of sewage disposal adapted for 

 farm use one should consult Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 

 57, which may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, 

 Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., for 10 cents. In 

 the absence of modern methods of sewage disposal, absolutely sani- 

 tary privies are prime necessities, whether in towns or on farms. 

 Directions for the building and caring for such privies will be found 

 in Farmers' Bulletin 463 and in Yearbook Separate 712, " Sewage Dis- 

 posal on the Farm." The box privy is always a nuisance from many 

 points of view, and is undoubtedly dangerous as a breeder of flies 

 which may carry the germs of intestinal diseases. The dry-earth 



