APPENDIX. , 57 



WESTERN YELLOW PINE (Pinus ponderosa). 



Western yellow pine is one of the largest and most valuable of the pines. 

 Its range is the widest of any of the commercial trees of the western United 

 States, and includes the dry foothills and lower slopes of the Rocky Mountains, 

 the high plateaus of Arizona and New Mexico, the east slope of the Cascades, 

 and appropriate situations throughout California. Yellow pine is not a fast- 

 growing tree, except in favorable situations in the Pacific Coast States. It 

 produces rather open stands of good timber, is hardy, and will grow on a wide 

 diversity of soils. 



Since the seed is produced in abundance and the long taproot makes seed- 

 lings somewhat difficult to transplant, it is often advisable to sow the seed 

 direct. Yellow pine, as a rule, produces light stands of timber, grows in places 

 where it is relatively of small importance for stream regulation, and where, 

 owing to lack of moisture, artificial forestation is difficult. It is felt, therefore, 

 that the species should be used less extensively than at present in planting and 

 sowing work, at least until the unproductive areas capable of supporting rapid- 

 growing trees producing heavy stands, and which are of importance in stream 

 protection, have been forested. 



WHITE OAK (Quercus alba). 



White oak produces very valuable lumber. So great is the economic value of 

 this wood that the available supply is being rapidly exhausted. Its growth is 

 slow but persistent, and trees attain great age. White oak grows best on rich, 

 moist, well-drained loam, or clay loam, and prefers protected situations, but 

 can also maintain itself fairly well on poor soils and in exposed situations. 

 In starting a plantation of white oak it usually will be advisable to sow the 

 acorns directly on the area to be planted rather than to use nursery stock, 

 because of the taproot and the difficulty and expense involved in transplanting 

 the seedlings. The acorns should preferably be sown in well-cultivated seed 

 spots, 4 to 6 feet apart each way, with three or four acorns in each spot, cov- 

 ered with about 1 inch of earth. The planting should be done in the fall, un- 

 less there is danger of the acorns being eaten by squirrels and other rodents, 

 in which case the acorns should be stored for winter by stratifying them in a 

 box of moist sand and planted the following spring. 



White oak seeds prolifically nearly every year, and the acorns can be 

 gathered from the ground without much difficulty in the fall. Plantations 

 after being made require little or no care. This species is well adapted to the 

 Ozark and Arkansas National Forests. 



WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus). 



The value of white pine is universally recognized. It grows rapidly and pro- 

 duces heavy stands on a great variety of soils, though it is in some danger from 

 attack by insects and fungi. Seed crops occur at intervals of from three to 

 five years, when seed may be gathered at a cost of from $1.50 to $4 per pound. 

 Seedlings are easily raised and planted in the field. This method of reforesta- 

 tion has so far been more satisfactory than broadcasting or sowing in seed 

 spots, but direct seeding has also been successful. It can be grown in pure 

 stands or mixed with other trees, such as red oak or red pine, depending upon 

 soil and situation. 



White pine should be used extensively in reforestation work in the Lake 

 States and possibly in western Montana and northern Idaho. 



