Alleghenies, on the rich bottom lands along the Mississippi and 

 Ohio rivers, and in Arkansas, Missouri, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, 

 and Indian Territory. In the mountains of the Carolinas and Ten- 

 nessee it occurs in mixture with oaks and chestnut, while in the origi- 

 nal hardwood forests in the river valleys of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 

 and Kentucky it is found associated with the maples, hickories, oaks, 

 basswood, cherry, and other hardwoods of the region, though not 

 always intermingling closely with them. West of the Mississippi 

 the walnut is confined to river valleys and moist situations. In this 

 western region it is found associated with the coffeetree, green ash, 

 hackberry, basswood, and white elm. 



The walnut is nowhere a gregarious tree, but usually occurs in scat- 

 tered groups or as isolated individuals among other species. Within 

 the limits of its range there are regions where it is almost unknown, 

 while within a few miles it may be common, though conditions in 

 both localities seem identical. 



The natural range has been increased both to the east and west by 

 planting. In Rhode Island, eastern Massachusetts, and southern 

 New Hampshire and Maine the tree was probably not native, but has 

 been planted in small quantities for its nuts, and grows well. In 

 Iowa and eastern Nebraska plantations of black walnut have been 

 successfully made. Plantations have been made as far west as Salt 

 Lake City, southern Idaho, and throughout California, with evident 

 success. In California the black walnut has been planted to a very 

 limited extent for timber, to a greater extent for ornament and the 

 yield of nuts. In the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys the Cali- 

 fornia black walnut, native to the southern part of the State, has 

 been grown successfully instead of the eastern black walnut. 



HABITS AND GROWTH. 



The ideal conditions for growth are found in the rich, moist soil 

 of bottom lands or on fertile hillsides which are protected from cold, 

 sweeping winds. A calcareous soil or a sandy loam, containing a 

 large quantity of humus, overlying a deep subsoil of gravel and a 

 water table in which the long taproots can find a continual supply 

 of moisture, furnishes the best conditions for growth. The surface 

 soil should be moist, but not wet, and the subsoil porous. 



While not especially adapted to widely varying conditions, the 

 black walnut will grow in many localities outside of its natural 

 range; but its form and rate of growth are appreciably affected by 

 its environment. Throughout the entire Middle West south of the 

 forty-fifth parallel, planting on limited areas may be attempted with 

 fair prospects of success on all fertile prairie land, and especially 

 in coves, valleys, and extensive bottom lands where the requisite 

 moisture is present and partial protection from the wind can be had. 



[Cir. 88] 



