trees. Its growth in such situations, however, is much slower than 

 on the deep soil of the river bottoms. The tree is alkali resistant to 

 a marked degree. It does not demand a rich soil and makes a fail- 

 growth on dry sandy loam or on stiff clay upland. Its ability to per- 

 sist and even thrive under adverse conditions of temperature and 

 moisture is very great. On the arid plains of western Kansas and 

 Nebraska it has survived on abandoned timber claims where nearly 

 all other species have been a failure. 



Green ash prefers full light and tolerates only moderate shade. 



In semiarid regions the rate of growth is not rapid. In regions of 

 greater rainfall it compares favorably with that of other broad- 

 leaved species, though green ash is never a rapid-growing tree. 

 Under average conditions planted trees should attain post size in 

 fifteen or twenty years and be large enough for stakes or fuel in less 

 time. Stands measured in the Middle West show a diameter growth 

 of from 0.2 to 0.3 inch annually. 



Several insects infest the green ash. In case insects appear in 

 alarming numbers, upon natural or planted trees, specimens should be 

 sent to the Bureau of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, where 

 they will be identified and measures suggested for their control. The 

 chief climatic influence injurious to the green ash is a protracted 

 growing season followed by severe frost. The resultant damage, 

 however, is only temporary in its effect and the tree soon recovers. 



ECONOMIC USES. 



The wood of the green ash is hard, heavy, and strong, rather 

 coarse grained, and brittle. It is utilized in the manufacture of 

 agricultural implements, carriages, and furniture, and for general 

 farm repair Avork. Although said to be inferior in quality, it is sub- 

 stituted for white ash to a large extent, and ash timber is often sold 

 without discrimination between the two species. The relative fuel 

 value of the wood is high, but because of the slow rate of growth, 

 planting for the production of fuel is not advisable if a more rapid 

 growing species can be grown successfully. 



Although not strictly first class for fence posts, it is used for this 

 purpose extensively in portions of Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, and 

 the Dakotas, and is highly prized in many sections where more val- 

 uable species are not available. The easy propagation, and great 

 hardiness of the green ash make it one of the most valuable trees for 

 general planting in semiarid regions. It serves a useful purpose, 

 whether planted for windbreak, ornament, or timber. Since the 

 wood is inferior to that of white ash and many other species, the 

 propagation of green ash in regions of abundant rainfall is not 

 recommended. 



[Cir. 92] 



