28 



larger. The original distance may be 4 by 4, if the planter wants to 

 be certain of a dense stand and is willing to do more thinning. He 

 will gain additional fuel by so doing. Cottonwood is the best shelter- 

 belt tree for most valley situations, and honey locust for the upland. 

 It is an excellent plan to have either cottonwood or honey locust for 

 the primary shelterbelt tree, with provisions for eventual replace- 

 ment by pine or red cedar. Cedar is the best to mix with cottonwood, 

 since it is more shade-enduring than pine. The trees should be mixed 

 in the following manner, C indicating cottonwood and R cedar : 



R C R C K C 

 C R C R C R 

 R C R C R C 



As the cedar needs more room, the cottonwood should be gradually 

 removed until a pure stand of cedar is left. 



For an upland shelterbelt, honey locust and Austrian pine may be 

 mixed in the same manner and with the same spacing. The final 

 removal of the locust here gives a belt of pure pine. Red cedar may 

 be substituted for the pine if preferred. 



PLANTING THE WOODLOTS. 



The rows in the woodlots run east and west. They should be 8 feet 

 apart, with the trees 2,"3, or 4 feet apart in the rows, according to the 

 species planted. In the valleys the trees used should be Russian mul- 

 berry, Osage orange, black locust, green ash, or, in some situations, 

 hardy catalpa. If planted exclusively to Russian mulberry or Osage 

 orange, the spacing should be 2 by 8 to overcome the low-branching 

 habit of these trees. If green ash or catalpa is used, a 4 by 8 spacing 

 is best, as also for black locust if the planter will give good cultiva- 

 tion, since in this way the tree will probably reach post size before the 

 borers do much damage. A mixture of catalpa and Osage orange 

 does well, since the Osage orange protects the delicate foliage of the 

 catalpa from the wind to some extent, and at the same time aids the 

 latter tree in shedding its lower limbs and making better form, while 

 the greater height growth of the catalpa forces the Osage orange 

 upward. 



For the north woodlot the planting should be as follows, the spac- 

 ing being 4 by 8. The catalpa and Osage orange are indicated by 

 C and O, respectively : 



NOETH. 



ooooooooo 

 ococococo 



O O C O C O C O C 



ococococo 



[Cir. 161.] 



