FOKEST PLANTING IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



of 6 by 8 feet or 8 by 8 feet is close enough. The older trees, however, 

 have open crowns, and should be underplanted as soon as they cease 

 to cast shade enough to prevent a growth of grass on the forest floor. 

 For such underplanting, white pine, white or Norway spruce, or red 

 oak, should prove satisfactory. 



Black walnut does not grow very rapidly, and takes from 60 to 

 100 years to produce the best timber. In general, it is not a partic- 

 ularly good tree for private owners to plant. 



The only value given to black walnut in plantations has been $4 

 per cord on the stump. (See Table 8.) This is undoubtedly too 

 high for cordwood alone, but since much of the material can be used 

 for braces or small poles, the valuation is probably a fair one. 



TABLE 8. Yield and value of black walnut (Juglans nigra). 



ASH (GREEN AND WHITE) (Fraxinus lancecolata Borkh. and Fraxinus americana Linn.). 



Green ash has been planted to some extent in Iowa and Illinois, 

 while east of these States white ash has been given preference. In 

 the Prairie States green ash withstands more trying conditions, 

 especially drought, than white ash, but with suitable soil conditions 

 either species should succeed in any part of the eastern region. Both 

 species prefer good, fresh, well-drained clay or sandy loam soil, but 

 both also give promise of growing well on the poor, worn-out clay, 

 or rocky clay farm soils of the central hardwood region. This fact 

 may make them valuable trees for planting on those lands, since the 

 lumber of mature trees has a high value and may be closely utilized 

 for handle material. Ash, moreover, may be easily and cheaply 

 propagated simply by sowing the seed on the permanent planting 

 site. Ash is intolerant and sheds its lower branches well, and consid- 

 ering this reason alone it would seem that a rather wide spacing should 

 be used. But on account of its habit, discussed on page 18, of com- 



