14 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 176 



the ribbed cocoon makers are also common some seasons. In this state these 

 small caterpillars do not often cause serious damage. In 1911 and 1912 the 

 unspotted tentiform leaf-miner was very abundant and injured foliage seriously 

 tho fortunately it becomes most abundant late in the fall after the crop and 

 most of the growth has been matured. In the nursery where apple trees are 

 dug and sold as one, two or three-year trees, these caterpillars do no serious 

 damage. In the bearing orchard the regular arsenical sprays for fruit pests 

 help some and natural parasites also help to prevent serious damage. As a 

 rule, therefore, special treatments are unnecessary. 



Other Foliage Caterpillars. Besides the foregoing foliage caterpillars 

 there are a number of very common species in the nursery and orchard which 

 some seasons may attract. much attention but which as a rule do not require 

 special treatment. The yellow-necked and red-humped apple worms, the fall 

 web-worm, apple tent-caterpillar and white-marked tussock moth are the 

 more common caterpillars in this group. Every year we have some of these 

 present but the amount of foliage they consume is usually not sufficient to "war- 

 rant spraying or applying other treatments. 



CONTROL. In the bearing orchard the regular arsenical sprays are entirely 

 effective. In the nursery or when injurious on young orchard trees the worms 

 may be collected by hand or shaken off and crushed under foot or an applica- 

 tion of an arsenical spray may be made just as the worms begin to attack the 

 foliage. 



Grasshoppers (Spp.*). During seasons of heavy grasshopper infestation, 

 orchard and nursery trees are sure to suffer where the grasshoppers are per- 

 mitted to migrate from adjoining pastures, meadows or other crops. There 

 are three common species of grasshoppers which do this damage, the red-legged, 

 differential and two-lived. Where injury occurs it is usually soon after hay 

 harvest. The foliage is often completely devoured and serious injury may 

 result where the hungry grasshoppers attempt to appease their appetites further 

 by gnawing the bark from the twigs and even the trunks of small trees. 



CONTROL. Where grasshoppers are abundant on crops near the orchard 

 or nursery one should take precautions early in the summer to prevent trouble 

 later. Poison bran bait sown broadcast in infested meadows and other crops 

 when the hoppers are yet small will rid the community of the pest. Poison bran 

 bait is prepared by mixing dry 50 pounds of bran and two pounds of white 

 arsenic or Paris Green and moistening this with about 8 gallons of water with 

 which are mixed 4 quarts of cheap sorghum and the juice and chopped up 

 rinds of six. lemons. Sow this at daybreak so the hoppers will get it for break- 

 fast while yet moist and attractive. Where this precaution is not taken and the 

 hoppers are feeding on the foliage spray the trees heavily with an arsenate of 

 lead solution. 



Plant Lice (Spp.). The foliage of apple trees may be seriously in- 

 jured by two common green lice and one rosy louse. The injury is usually 

 heaviest early, from the time the buds open until the fruit is well set. During 

 the winter the lice eggs may be found attached to limbs and twigs, especially 

 in the leaf scars and other protected nooks. The lice feed by extracting sap 

 from leaves, blossoms and setting fruit. This causes a curling of the leaves 

 and a knotting and dwarfing of the fruit. In severe cases the crop of foliage 

 and fruit may be practically all destroyed. Since the lice are sap feeders, ar- 



