6 REFORESTATION IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



with trunk diameter of 2 to 3 feet, and in old age develops 

 an open, round-topped, picturesque head. The wood is light, 

 hard, close-grained, pale red, with thin yellow sapwood. The 

 lumber is largely used in construction of bridges and buildings, 

 and for piles, masts and spars. For many purposes the lumber 

 is mixed with that of white pine, and the two varieties are not 

 distinguished. 



Scotch Pine (Pinus syhestris). The Scotch pine is the com- 

 mon pine of northern Europe, occupying there the same place 

 that the white pine does in this country as a timber tree. Its 

 growth more resembles our red pine, both in quality of lumber 

 and in the kind of soil preferred by the tree. In common with 

 other pines, Scotch is not much subject to disease and insect 

 attack, but is somewhat more sensitive to fire than red pine. 

 Scotch pine is used for the same purposes as red pine. 



Austrian Pine (Pinus Austriaca, Endl.) The Austrian pine 

 has been used successfully in this State in experimental plan- 

 tations, and is recommended as a substitute for, or in mixture 

 with, Scotch and red pine. It grows on a sandy soil and is a 

 tree of very beautiful appearance, having long and heavy 

 needles. It should not be used for underplanting except where 

 the woods are open, or where heavy thinnings have been made. 



Hemlock (Tsuga americana). The hemlock, one of the most 

 tolerant (shade-enduring) of the American conifers, prefers cold 

 north and east slopes of the hillsides. Because of its ability 

 to thrive even in dense shade, it will grow as an understory 

 with other species, evergreen or hardwood, or in pure stands 

 in all stages of growth. 



The wood is being more and more used for building timber 

 as the supply of other species grows scarcer, and some dealers 

 prefer it to spruce for rough frame timbers. If care is not 

 used in drying, it is likely to check. 



Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa) . This is one of the principal 

 timber trees of Europe, and is strongly recommended for plant- 

 ing in this country, possessing, as it does, all of the advantages 

 of our native red spruce, with the added one of being a much 

 more rapid grower. Our experience is that Norway spruce 

 suffers much less from winterkill than pine, and recovers re- 

 markably after suppression by hardwoods. It is especially de- 



