THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 



85 



The gizzard is most highly developed, and of a deep-red 

 color, in the Scratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 

 and Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 

 of Prey (as the Eagle). 

 The gizzard is follow- 

 ed by the intestines, 

 which are longer than 

 those of Reptiles : the 

 small intestine begins 

 with a loop (the duo- 

 denum), and is folded 

 several times upon it- 

 self ; the large intestine 

 is short and straight, 

 terminating in the sole 

 outlet of the body, the 

 cloaca. A liver and 

 pancreas are always 

 attached to the upper 

 part of the small in- 

 testine. 



The alimentary ca- 

 nal in Mammals is 

 clearly separated into 

 four distinct cavities: 

 the pharynx, or throat; 

 the oesophagus, or gul- 

 let ; the stomach ; and 

 the intestines. 



The pharynx 1S more FIG. 50. Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: 1, 



, , . tongue; 2, pharynx; 3, 5, oesophagus; 4, crop; 



Complicated than in 6, proventnculns ; 7, gizzard ; 8, 9, 10, duodenum ; 



"RirHs Tr i a fnnnpl 11,12, small intestine ; 13, two caeca (analogue of 



the colon of mammals) ; 14, their insertion into 



shaped ba^ 1 having the 5ntestinal tube; 15, rectum; 1C, cloaca; 17, 

 anus ; 18, mesentery ; 19, 20, left and right lobes 



Seven Openings lead- of liver; 21, gall-bladder ; 22, insertion of pan- 



creatic and biliary ducts; 23, pancreas; 24, lung; 

 ing into it! tWO from as, ovary; 26, oviduct. 



