THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 



85 



The gizzard is most highly developed, and of a deep-red 

 color, in the Scratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 

 and Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 

 of Prey (as the Eagle). 

 The gizzard is follow- 

 ed by the intestines, 

 which are longer than 

 those of Reptiles : the 

 small intestine begins 

 with a loop (the duo- 

 denum), and is folded 

 several times upon it- 

 self ; the large intestine 

 is short and straight, 

 terminating in the sole 

 outlet of the body, the 

 cloaca. A liver and 

 pancreas are always 

 attached to the upper 

 part of the small in- 

 testine. 



The alimentary ca- 

 nal in Mammals is 

 clearly separated into 

 four distinct cavities: 

 the pharynx, or throat; 

 the oesophagus, or gul- 

 let ; the stomach ; and 

 the intestines. 



The pharynx is more FIG- 50. Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: 1, 



. . . tongue; 2, pharynx; 3, 5, oesophagus; 4, crop; 



Complicated than in 6, proventrlcnlus ; 7, gizzard ; 8, 9, 10, duodenum ; 



-TV. , T . ,. -, 11,12, small intestine; 13, two caeca (analogue of 



JiraS. It IS a tunnel- tne co]on of mammals) ; 14, their insertion into 



fihanpfl hao- havino- the intestinal tnbe; 15, rectum; 16, cloaca; IT, 



Da gi in g anns ; is, mesentery ; 19, 20, left and right lobes 



Seven Openings lead- of liver ? 21 > gall-bladder ; 22, insertion of pan- 

 creatic and biliary ducts ; 23, pancreas ; 24, lung ; 



ing into it: tWO from 25, ovary; 26, oviduct 



