292 



COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 



sands in the winged Insects). 



Fxo. 262. Under surface of a Beetle (Harpalus cali- 

 ginosus): a, ligula; 6, paraglossse ; c, supports of 

 labial palpi; d, labial palpus; e, mentuin ; /, in- 



They are never placed on 

 movable stalks, as the 

 Lobster's. Besides 

 these, there are three 

 simple eyes, called 

 . ocelli. The mouth 

 may be fitted for bit- 

 ing (masticatory), as 

 in Beetles, or for suck- 

 ing (suctorial), as in 

 Butterflies. The mas- 

 ticatory type, which 

 is the more complete, 

 and of which the other 

 is but a modification, 

 consists of four horny 

 jaws (mandibles arid 

 maxillce) and an up- 

 per and an under lip 

 (labrum and Idbium). 

 Sensitive palpi (max- 

 illary and labial) are 

 developed from the 

 lower jaw and lower 

 lip. The labium is 

 also prolonged into a 

 ligula, or tongue. 

 The legs are invari- 



ner lobe of maxilla; g, outer lobe; A, maxillary abl J six ln the 

 palpus; i, mandible; k, buccal opening; I, gula, t] ie fore - legs direct- 

 or throat: m, buccal sutures; n, gular suture; o, 

 prosternum ; p, episternum of prothorax ; p\ epi- 

 meron ; q, q f , q", coxae; r, r, r, trochanters; a, 

 ', s", femora, or thighs ; , ', t", tibse ; v, ventral 

 abdominal segments ; w, episternaof mesothorax ; 

 *, mesosternum; y, episterua of metathorax ; y' t 

 epimeron; z t metasternum. 



and foot. 169 



ed forward and the 

 hinder pairs back- 

 ward. Each consists 

 of a hip, thigh, shank, 

 Some larvae have also " false legs," without 



