NOTES. 



The complete and elaborate natural history of a single species or limited 

 group is called a Monograph, as Darwin's "Monograph of the Cirripedia." 

 A Memoir is not so formal or exhaustive, giving mainly original investiga- 

 tions of a special subject, as Owen's " Memoir on the Gorilla." 



3 Before the time of Linnaeus, the Lady-bug, e. g., was called "the Cocci- 

 nella with red coleopters having seven black spots." He called it Coccinella 

 septem-punctata. 



* Mandino (1315) and Berenger (1518), of Bologna, and Vesalius, of Brus- 

 sels (1550), were the first anatomists. Circulation of the blood discovered 

 by Harvey, 1616. The lacteals discovered by Asdlins, 1622, and the lym- 

 phatics by Rudbek, 1650. Willis made the first minute anatomy of the brain 

 and nerves, 1664. The red blood-corpuscles were discovered by Leeuwen- 

 hoek and Malpighi, 1675. Infusoria first observed by Leeuwenhoek, 1675; 

 the name given by Miiller, 1 786. Swammerdam was the founder of Ento- 

 mology, 1675. Comparative anatomy was first cultivated by Perrault, Pec- 

 quet, Duverney, and Me'ry, of the Academy ot Paris, the latter part of the 

 seventeenth century. Malpighi, the founder of structural anatomy, was the 

 first to demonstrate the structure of the lungs and skin, 1690. About the 

 same time, Kay and Willoughby first classified Fishes on structural grounds. 

 Foraminifers were seen by Beccarius one hundred and fifty years ago; but 

 their true structure was not demonstrated till 1835, by Dujardin. Peyssonel 

 published the first elaborate treatise on Corals, 1727. Haller was the first to 

 distinguish between contractility and sensibility, 1757. White blood-corpus- 

 cles discovered by Hewson in 1775. Spallanzani was the first to demonstrate 

 the true nature of the digestive process, 1780. Cuvier and Geoffroy, in 1797, 

 proposed the first natural classification of animals. Before that, all Inverte- 

 brates were divided into Insects and Worms. Lamarck was the first to study 

 Mollusks, 1800; before him, attention was confined to the shell. He sepa- 

 rated Spiders from Insects in 1812. The law of correlation enunciated by 

 Cuvier, 1826. Von Baer was the founder of Embryology, establishing the 

 doctrine omnia ex ovo, 1827 ; but the first researches in Reproduction were 

 made by Fabricius about 1600. and by Harvey in 1651. Wolff, in the last 

 century, was the pioneer in observing the phenomena of Development. Sars 

 first observed alternate generation, 1833. Dumeril is considered the father 

 of Herpetology, and Owen of Odontology. Schleiden and Schwann pub- 

 lished their celebrated researches in cell-structure, 1841; but Bicliat, who 

 died 1802, was the founder of Histology. Protoplasm was discovered by 

 Dujardin in 1835, and called Sarcode. 



