xii CONTENTS 



VAOR 



III. STERNUM 58 



IV. EPISTERNUM 62 



Y. SKULL 64 



Introduction 64 



a. Brain-case (cranium) 67 



6. Visceral Skeleton .. 69 



c. Bones of the Skull 70 



Anatomy of the Skull (special part) 72 



A. The Skull of Fishes 72 



B. of Dipnoans 81 



C. ,, of Amphibians 82 



D. ,, of Reptiles .' 88 



E. ,, of Birds 93 



F. ,, of Mammals 96 



VI. LIMBS 102 



a. Unpaired Fins 102 



I. Paired Fins or Limbs 103 



Pectoral Arch 106 



of Fishes and Dipnoans 106 



of Amphibians 107 



of Reptiles 108 



of Birds 109 



of Mammals 109 



Pelvic Arch 109 



of Fishes 109 



of Dipnoans Ill 



of Amphibians Ill 



of Reptiles 114 



of Birds 119 



of Mammals '. 120 



Free Limbs 122 



of Fishes and Dipnoans 122 



Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygium 124 



General Considerations on the Limbs of the higher Vertebrata 125 



Free Limbs of Amphibians 127 



of Reptiles 127 



of Birds 129 



of Mammals 130 



C, MUSCULAR SYSTEM 135 



INTEGUMENTARY MUSCULATURE 136 



MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 137 



of Amphioxus, Fishes, and Dipnoans 137 



of Amphibians 137 



of Reptiles 138 



