THE SKULL 



83 



Pmr 



P,n.r To I 



M 



Core 



FIG. 63. SKULL OF A YOUNG 

 AXOLOTL. Ventral view. 



Cdcc Osp 



FIG. 64. SKULL OF Scdamandra atrcu 

 (ADULT). Dorsal view. 



Ci 



-Ccm 



FIG. 65. SKULL OF Salamandra atra (ADULT). Ventral view. 



Tr, trabecula ; OB, auditory capsule ; Fov, fenestra ovalis, closed on one side by 

 the stapes (St) ; Lgt, ligament between the stapes and suspensorium ; Cocc, 

 occipital condyles ; Bp, cartilaginous basilar plate between the auditory cap- 

 sules ; Osp, dorsal tract of the occipital cartilage ; IN, internasal plate, 

 which extends laterally to form processes (TFand AF) bounding the internal 

 nostrils (Ch) ; NK, nasal capsule ; Can, nasal cavity ; Na, external nostrils ; 

 Fl, foramen for the olfactory nerve ; Z, tongue-like outgrowth (intertrabecula) 

 of the internasal plate, which forms a roof for the internasal cavity ; 

 Qu, quadrate ; Ptc, cartilaginous pterygoid ; Pot, otic process, Ped, pedicle, 

 and Pa, ascending process, of the quadrate ; Ps, paraspheiioid ; Pt, bony 

 pterygoid ; Vo, vomer ; PI, palatine ; Pp, palatine process of maxilla ; Vop, 

 vomero-palatine ; Pmx, premaxilla ; M, maxilla ; Os, sphenethmoid ; As, 

 prootic ; N, nasal ; Pf, prefrontal, perforated at D for the lachrymal duct ; 

 F, frontal ; P, parietal ; Squ, squamosal("paraquadrate," Gaupp) ; //, optic, 

 V, trigeminal, and VII, facial foramina ; Rt, point of entrance of the 

 ophthalmic branch of the fifth nerve into the nasal capsule. 



G 2 



