APPENDIX 197 



A typical form, Clangula clangula, breeds in northern 

 Europe and northern Asia, migrating southward to north- 

 ern Africa and southern Asia. 



Charitonetta albeola (Linn.) Buffle-head. 



Breeding Range. In the nesting season the buffle-head 

 is almost wholly confined to Canada, but a few breed in 

 Wisconsin (Pewaukee Lake), northern Iowa (Storm, 

 Clear and Spirit Lakes), Wyoming (Meeteetse Creek), 

 Montana (Milk River, Flathead Lake.) It is a tolerably 

 common breeder in the northern two-thirds of Ontario, 

 and undoubtedly some pairs breed in Quebec and south- 

 ern Labrador, though it is as yet unrecorded from there, 

 from the Maritime Provinces and from Newfoundland, 

 except as a rather rare visitant. In Manitoba and west- 

 ward to British Columbia it becomes more common as a 

 breeder and ranges north to Fort Churchill, Fort Rae, the 

 mouth of the Mackenzie and the upper Yukon, rarely to 

 the Yukon mouth. It has been taken as a rare straggler 

 on the west coast of Greenland (Godhaven, October; 

 Frederikshaab), and a few times in Europe. 



Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.) Ruddy Duck. 



Breeding Range. The principal summer home of the 

 ruddy duck is in the upper Mississippi Valley and the 

 contiguous portions of central Canada; it is rare east of 

 the Alleghenies ; breeds regularly from Maine to northern 

 Ungava; rare visitant in Newfoundland; nesting rarely 

 south to Massachusetts (Cape Cod) and probably in 

 Rhode Island (Sakonnet) ; tolerably common in southern 

 Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin, and probably breeds 

 casually in Ohio and Illinois. West of the Mississippi it 



