CONTENTS vii 



CHAP. PAGE 



advantages Reckoning of Age The Shock caused by 

 Stumping Lining Direction of Lines Planting at 

 Stake Holing Depths and Breadths of Holes Filling 

 of Holes Failures in Sour Soil Burning Soil Use of 

 Lime Season for Planting-out Inspection and Sup- 

 plying. 



XVII. PRUNING I00 



Should be done Early Unnecessary Pruning of Useful 

 Branches Thumb-nail Pruning Disadvantages Top- 

 ping by Sawing Double Stems General Advice 

 Pruning Trees broken by Wind. 



XVIII. PLANTING DISTANCES 107 



Table showing Number of Trees per Acre according to 

 Distances Close-planting Condemned The Present 

 Tendency towards Wider Planting Planting Distance 

 and Character of Land Spread of Foliage according to 

 Age Effect of Close- planting on Root Systems Bark 

 Renewal and Planting Distance Decay of Lower 

 Branches in Closely-planted Estates Distances in 

 Sumatra and Ceylon Wide-planting of Coconuts Un- 

 certainty due to Inexperience Condition of some Older 

 Estates The Space the llevea Tree requires Relation 

 between Increase in Girth and Planting Distance 

 Crowding in the Jungle no argument for Close-planting 

 Need for taking a Long View Widely-planted 

 Trees eventually surpass Closely-planted in Yield per 

 Acre Lyne's Arguments in favour of Wide-planting 

 Isolated Trees in Sumatra Yielding Richly Reduced 

 Costs of Tapping and Cultivation with Wide-planting 

 Climate and Planting Distance Planting in Groups of 

 Three Distance suitable for Future Thinning-out The 

 Attitude of Directors Governmental Action required. 



XIX. WOUNDS ON TREES . . . . . . .126 



How Caused Treatment with Tar or Permanganate 

 Wounds A Poultice for them Permanganate as a 

 Disinfectant. 



XX. THE LATEX AND HOW IT is COAGULATED . . 128 



Predestination and Co-operation in Nature Latex as 

 Reserve of Food As Receiver of Excretions Characters 

 and Composition of Latex Discoloured Latex Pre- 

 liminary Treatment of Latex Straining Stirring and 

 Skimming Sunlight and Latex Method of Coagulation 

 with Acetic Acid Sodium Bisulphite as Antiseptic and 

 as Preservant of Colour Spontaneous Coagulation 

 Michie-Golledge Coagulating Apparatus Da Costa 

 Smoker Coagulator Coagulating Troughs Glazing of 

 Tables Discoloured Spots and their Avoidance The 

 Keeping of Records of Factory Outputs. 



XXI. TAPPING .141 



Cessation of Tapping during Drought and Leaf- fall 

 Minimum Percentage of Trees worth Tapping Inter- 

 ference with Growth by Tapping Left-hand versus 

 Right-hand Cuts Early Crude Methods of Tapping- 

 Multiple V Incisions Pricking The Earliest Paring 

 Methods Full Spiral Tapping Effects of Girdling 

 Later Methods developed from the V Excision The 



