306 



INDEX 



Stake, planting at, 92-5 



Steeping of dirty rubber, 194 



Stem, layers of, 36, 37, 40; functions, 

 3 2 > 34-5> 38-9, 40-3; double stems, 

 104, 105 



Stirring of latex, 140 



Stomata of leaves, 34, 46, 120-3, 2 53 



Storing of food in tree, 39 



Straining of latex, 133 



Straits Settlements. See Federated Malay 

 States 



Strip rubber, 138, 193-4 



Stumping, 88-92, 93 ; advantages, 91 ; 

 disadvantages, 91, 91-2 



Stumps of jungle trees, burning, 68 ; 

 removal, 67, 74 ; and Fomes, 68-9, 72, 

 260-1 ; and Diplodia, 72 ; and white 

 ants, 69, 275 



Sub-soil, food in, 14-15, 119; sourness 

 of, 95, 96- 



Sugar land, old, advantages, 76 



Sumatra, land grants and rents, 50 ; 

 native rights over trees, 50-4 ; a 

 company's troubles, 53-4 ; elevation 

 of plantations, 55 ; planting distance 

 in, 113; costs, of felling, 64-7; of 

 weeding, 223 ; of producing rubber, 

 219; of coolie-lines, 291 



Sunlight, as improver of soil, 96 ; ex- 

 posure of latex to, 133-4 ; of rubber, 

 292. See Light 



Supervision of tapping, 149, 1745 of 

 census taking, 286 ; position of bunga- 

 low and, 287 



TABLE of estimated crops, 294 ; of 

 number of trees per acre, according to 

 planted distance, 107 



Tables, glazed, in factory, 140, 293 



Tamil language, 299 



Tapioca, 76, 282, 295 



Tapping, 141-174; knives, 175-176; 

 pricker, 145 ; when to begin (number, 

 girth, age), 141-2; marking trees, 149, 

 I 5> J 55; small V cuts, 142; broad 

 (basal) V, 146, 150-4, 160-2, 162, 

 163, 166; full-spiral, 145-6; half- 

 spiral, 154; full-herring-bone, 146, 

 160-2; half-herring-bone, 146, 154, 

 J 57 I 58 166 ; single oblique cuts, 

 154, 157, 160-2, 162, 166 ; quarter- 

 sections, 153-4, 157, 166; third sec- 

 tions, 154-7 ; daily, 154, 154-7, 160-2 ; 

 alternate day, 154, 154-7, 160, 162, 

 167 5 three, four, five, six, seven, nine 

 day, 163-6; Heneratgoda experiments, 

 162-6; Skinner's experiments, 160-2 ; 

 need for more extended experiments, 

 167-8; interval for bark renewal, 154, 

 157, 160, 162, 163, 166 ; yield from 

 renewed bark, 158 ; bad and over- 



tapping, results, 142-5, 146-9, 150, 

 !5 8 J 59> 160 ; number of cuts, 158, 

 166-7; depth of, 149-150; direction 

 of, and yield, 142; height of tapping, 

 150; time for, 171-2, 173-4; coolie 

 tasks, 168, 172-3, 173-4; supervision, 

 149, 174; cleanliness, 168, 172; use 

 of water, 168; costs, 168-9, I 73'i 

 interference by rain, 255 ; suspension 

 in drought, 141 ; its interference with 

 food current in cortex, 145, 154 



Tap-root, 32, 84, 87, 88, 119 



Tasks. See Coolie 



Tea, 251,283 



Terracing, 226, 227, 240; cost, 240 



Thinning-out, 113, 114, 123, 124, 160, 

 229-30 



Third sections for tapping, 154-7 



Three-weekly system in weeding, 222-3 



Thumb-nail pruning, 100-3 



Tillage, 229. See Cultivation, Chan- 

 kolling, Forking, Ploughing 



Timber, jungle, preliminary felling, 67 ; 

 left to decay before removal, 67 ; 

 selection for buildings, 69. See Roots, 

 Stumps, Hardwood 



Time of day for tapping, 171-2, 173-4 



Tobacco land, advantages, 75 



Transpiration current, 253. See Water, 

 Current in Tree 



Troughs, coagulating, 138-9 



Turbine, water, 183 



" UNIVERSAL" washing-machine, 194-5 



V CUTS, small, 142 ; broad (basal), 146, 



150-4, 160-2, 162, 163, 166 

 Vacuum driers, 204, 207, 208 

 Valuation of estates, 294-7 '> table, 294 ; 



high estates, 55 



Variation among trees in yield, 171 

 Vitality of seeds, 30, 80 

 Volcanic dust as soil, 7, 9 



WASH of soil. See Soil Wash 

 Washing of rubber, loss in, 189 ; dangers, 



210. See Manufacture, Crepe, Lump, 



Scrap, Bark-shaving, Earth, Steeping 

 Water, in soil, 10, II, 61, 118; effect 



of cultivation, 10, 12, 227-8, 228, 229 ; 



water-logged soils, 23, 33, 59'6i ; 



water-pits, 226, 227, 236-9, 240. See 



Soil, Drainage, Drought, Bacteria, 



Roots 

 Water, current in tree, uses, 38, 40, 253 ; 



absorption by root-hairs, 32, 33-4 ; 



passage through stem, 32, 34-5, 3^ 



39, 40; evaporation from leaves, 34, 



253 



Water-supply of estate, 202, 220-1 ; 

 filters, 220; wells, 221 



