322 SCIENCE IN SHORT CHAPTERS. 



cookery was at the root of his success in this maintenance 

 of a workhouse without any poor-rates. 



After doing all this he came to England, visited many of 

 our public institutions, reconstructed their fireplaces, and 

 then cooked dinners in presence of distinguished witnesses, 

 in order to show how little need be expended on fuel, when 

 it is properly used. 



At the Foundling Institution in London he roasted 112 

 Ibs. of beef with 22 Ibs. of coal, or at a cost of less than 

 threepence. The following copy of certificate, signed by 

 the Councillor of War, etc., shows what he did at Munich : 

 "' We whose names are underwritten certify that we have 

 been present frequently when experiments have been made 

 to determine the expense of fuel in cooking for the poor in 

 the public kitchen of the military workhouse at Munich, 

 and that when the ordinary dinner has been prepared for 

 1000 persons, the expense for fuel has not amounted to 

 quite 12 kreutzers." Twelve kreutzers is about %d. of our 

 money. Thus only l-50th of a farthing was expended on 

 cooking each person's dinner, although the peas which 

 formed the substantial part of the soup required five hours, 

 boiling. The whole average daily fuel expenses of the 

 kitchen of the establishment amounted to l-20th of a 

 farthing for each person, using wood, which is much dearer 

 than coal. At this rate, one ton of ivood should do the cook- 

 ing for ten persons during two years and six days, or one 

 ton of coal would supply the kitchen of such a family three 

 and a half years. 



The following is an abstract of the general principles 

 which he expounds for the guidance of all concerned in the 

 construction of cooking stoves. 



1. All cooking fires should be enclosed. 



2. Air only to be admitted from below and under com- 

 pete control. All air beyond what is required for the supply 

 of oxygen "is a thief." 



3. All fireplaces to be surrounded by non-conductors, 

 Iriclcivork, not iron. 



4. The residual heat from the fireplace to be utilized by 

 long journeys in returning flues, and by doing the hottest 

 u' or k first. 



