PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 31 



closed until mature; scales 4-12, opposite, thick, each with a central point 

 or knob. Seeds 2-5. (Gk. chamai = on the ground, kuparissos = a 

 cypress ; hence, low cypress.) 



A. Leafy twigs terete or nearly so; bark 2 cm. or less thick; leaves usually without 

 glands. W. C. On mountains. C. nootkatensis (ALASKA CEDAR) 



AA. Leafy twigs much flattened; bark 25 cm. or less thick; leaves conspicuously 

 glandular. U. A fine lumber tree. C. lawsoniana (PORT ORFORD CEDAR) 



ABIES (FiR) 



Trees. Leaves linear, often complanate, scattered, flat. Staminate 

 cones axillary, oval or oblong-cylindric. Mature pistillate cones ovoid or 

 oblong-cylindric ; scales incurved at their wide apex, orbicular or wider, 

 deciduous. Lumber trees. (Latin name.) 



A. Most of the leaves of the sterile branches notched at apex. 



B. Bracts conspicuous, reflexed, much exceeding the scales; leaves slightly notched 

 at apex, with stomates on both sides, not markedly complanate; winter buds 

 ovoid-oblong; sapwood darker than heartwood. W. C. A. nobilis (NOBLE FIR) 



BB. Bracts not projecting beyond the scales; leaves distinctly notched at apex, 

 with stomates beneath only, markedly complanate; winter buds globose; sapwood 

 lighter in color than heartwood. W. C. E. A. grandis (WHITE FIR) 



AA. Most of the leaves of the sterile branches not notched at the apex. 



C. Leaves of sterile branches flat, often grooved above; cones 6.2-15 cm. long; 

 cone scales narrower than 2.5 cm. 



D. Leaves dark-green and shining above, 1.9-3.1 cm. long; cones dark purple; 

 cone scales slightly wider than long; bracts of cone scales rhombic or oblong- 

 ovate, gradually narrowed into a long tip; bark of old trees 6.2 cm. or less thick. 

 W. C. A. amabilis (LOVELY FIR) 



DD. Leaves pale blue-green, 2.5-4.4 cm. long; cones dark purple; cone scales 

 longer than wide; bracts of cone scales rounded, with emarginate and long- 

 pointed tip; bark of old trees 3.7 cm. or less thick. W. C. E. 



A. lasiocarpa (ALPINE FIR) 



DDD. Leaves pale blue-green, 5-7.5 cm. long on vigorous sterile branches, while 



on others sometimes only 1.9 cm. long; cones purple or green or yellow; cone 



scales much wider than long; bracts of cone scales obovate, with short tip at apex; 



bark of old trees 15 cm. or less thick. U. C. E. A. concolor (SILVER FIR) 



CC. Leaves of sterile branches 4-sided, not grooved above; cones 15-23 cm. long; 



cone scales 2.5-3.7 cm. wide. U. C. A. magnifica (SHASTA FIR) 



TSUGA (HEMLOCK) 



Trees. Leaves scattered, often complanate. Cones solitary, monoecious. 

 Staminate cones globose. Mature pistillate cones oval to oblong-cylindric ; 

 scales thin, suborbicular to ovate-oblong. (Japanese name.) 



A. Leaves complanate, flat, with stomates only on the under surface; cones 1.9- 

 2.5 cm. long. W. C. E. A good lumber tree. 



T. heterophylla (WESTERN HEMLOCK) 



AA. Leaves not complanate, convex or keeled above, with stomates on both surfaces; 

 cones 1.9-7.5 cm. long. W. C. E. On mountains. 



T. mertensiana (ALPINE HEMLOCK) 



