404 



ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN BOTANY 



the worst winds, as by a fence or hedge. As a well-known 

 writer has said, " the rose garden must have shelter, but it 

 must not have shade." The best results are secured with 

 good garden soil, but a rose bed can be made good if the 

 original soil is bad, the chief thing to provide for in such a 

 case being a deep bed and good drainage, for roses do not 

 tolerate free water in the soil. Roses are propagated by 

 seeds, cuttings, grafting, and budding, but those who are 

 preparing a small rose garden will probably use cuttings or 



started plants obtained from 

 a florist or from a neighbor. 

 These cuttings are best planted 

 late in autumn, about 30 inches 

 apart, and the soil protected, 

 preferably with stable manure. 

 In the spring the bed should 

 receive shallow tillage, and then 

 the surface should be raked at 

 intervals. 



Cultivated roses are roughly 

 grouped into two kinds : those 

 that bloom only once (in sum- 

 mer) and those that bloom more 



or less continuously. The varieties are so numerous, how- 

 ever, and differ so much as to hardiness and adaptation to 

 different regions, that advice as to the selection of the 

 proper forms to cultivate must be obtained from those who 

 have had experience. 



112. Carnation. Carnations (Fig. 69) belong to the pink 

 family (Caryophyllacese), and are associated in the same 

 genus (Dianthus) with the old-fashioned and fragrant 

 " pinks " once found in every home garden. The cultivated 

 carnations are derived from a European species (Dianthus 

 Caryophyllus), which has been cultivated from very early 

 times. The name " carnation " was applied to the plant 



FIG. 68. A rose. After BAILEY. 



