558 



INSECTA. 



to produce weak chirping sounds. They live principally in fields, meadows 

 and mountains, the larva? being present in spring and summer, and the sexual 

 animals in late summer and in autumn. They fly with a rattling sound, and 

 as a rule, only for short distances. They feed on plants. Tettix sululata L., 

 T. bipunctata Charp., (Edlpoda migratoria L., South and East Europe. 

 Enormous swarms migrate together, and distribute themselves in corn-fields, 

 causing much damage. Acrid ium tataricum L., South Europe. 



Fam. Locustidse (Laubheuschrecken). The body is elongated and usually 

 coloured grass green or brown. The antennae are very slender, and the wing 

 covers usually lie vertically on the body. The auditory organs are in the tibia 

 of the front legs. The females have a projecting sabre-shaped ovipositor, which 

 consists of a right and left double valve on the eighth and ninth segments ; 

 between the valves there is, on either sida, a style which arises on the ninth 

 segment. The eggs are deposited in the earth in late summer or in autumn, 

 and there pass the winter. The larvae are hatched in the spring, and after 



many months develop into the 

 winged sexual animal late in 

 the summer. The Locustidce 

 live in forests and bushes, or 

 in fields on the tops of grass 

 stalks and shrubs. Locitsta viri- 

 dissima L., L. cantans Charp.? 

 S witzerland. Eph ipplgera pcr- 

 forata Boss., Italy and South 

 Germany. 



Fam. Gryllidae (Grabheu- 

 schrecken). Of thick cylindrical 

 body forr i, with thick free head. 

 Antennae usually long and seti- 

 form ; wing covers (anterior 

 wings) short, placed horizon- 

 tally, and the hind wings, when 

 rolled up, project far beyond 

 them. The anterior legs are 

 sometimes digging feet. 

 The male gives rise to shrill chirping sounds by rubbing his two wing-covers, 

 which present the same structure, against each other, and these sounds probably 

 attract the female. During copulation the male attaches to the female 

 genital opening a spermatophore, which, as in the Crustacea, is carried about 

 till it is empty. The females have a straight cylindrical ovipositor, which is 

 spindle-shaped at the end ; more rarely they are without an ovipositor. The 

 Gryllidce mostly live beneath the earth in holes and passages, and feed on roots 

 and animal matters. The larvae are hatched in summer and pass the winter in 

 the earth. Gryllotalpa -vulgaris Latr.. mole cricket (fig. 4G2). In gardens and 

 fields ; very harmful. They lay two hundred to three hundred eggs, which they 

 place, enclosed in a mass of plastered earth, at the end of their subterranean 

 passages. Gryllus can^cstris L., field-cricket (fig. 4G3). Cf. domcsticus L., 

 house-cricket. G. sylrcstrls. Fabr. 



Sub-order 2. Orthoptera Pseudo-Neuroptera. 

 The wings thin and membranous, both pairs being similarly 



FiO. 463. Gryllus campestris J (regne animal). 



