ORTHOPTERA,. 



559 



constructed. They usually cannot be folded together, and possess a 

 network of nervures more or less close. 



Tribe 1. Physopoda. The body small, narrow and flat, with 

 tolerably similar wings, covered with delicate hairs. The mandibles 

 are setiform, and the mouth parts are suctorial. 



Fam. Thripsidce, 'llirips pliysapiis L., found in the flowers of chickory. 



Tribe 2. Corrodentia. Wings with few nervures, and sometimes 

 quite without transverse nervures. The head has strong mandibles 

 with toothed internal edges. The first maxillae with hooked masti- 

 catory portion, the point of which is furnished with two teeth, and 

 with membranous external lobe. The Corrodentia feed on dried 

 vegetable and animal substances. 



Fam. Psocidae, booklice. Troctes pulsatorim L., found in collections of 

 insects and between papers. Psocus domcstlcns Burm., Ps. strigosus Curt. 



Fam. Termitidae,* white ants. The antennae have from eighteen to twenty 

 joints, with two ocelli 

 in front of the eyes and 

 strong mandibles. The 

 delicate wings, which are 

 of equal size, lie in rest 

 parallel to the body. 



The Termites (fig. 4G4) 

 live together in commu- 

 nities, composed of in- 

 dividuals of different 

 kinds. The winged 



FIG. 40-1. o, Male of Tcrinrs luc'fugut (r6gne animal). 



forms are the sexual in- 

 dividuals ; the apterous 

 forms are partly the larvae and pupae of the sexual forms, and partly fully 

 developed (in species of Calotermes and Termer liicifuguB) sexually aborted 

 males and females (neuters). The latter are divided again into soldiers, 

 which look after the protection of the community and are provided with large 

 quadrangular head and very strong mandibles, and workers with small 

 rounded heads and less projecting mandibles. These individuals under- 

 take the other work of the community. In species of Eutermes, every 

 trace of sexual organs may be wanting in the neuters. Some species live in 

 South Europe, but the greater number are found in the hot parts of Africa 

 and America, where they are notorious for their ravages and their nests. The 

 Termites make their dwellings either in the trunks of trees, often only beneath 

 the bark, or on the surface of the earth in the form of hills, in which they 

 excavate passages and cavities. The nests of species of Calotermes are the most 

 incomplete ; they only gnaw passages in wood, which mainly run in the 



* H. Hagen. " Monographic der Termitcn." Lin. Entomol., Tom. X. and XIV. 



Ch. Lespes, " Eecherches sur 1' organisation et les mceurs du Termite lucifuge." 

 Ann. Acs Sc. Nat, IV. ser., Tom. V., 1856. 



Fr. Miiller, " Beitrasre zur Kenntniss der Termiten." Jen. nat. Zeitschr. 

 Tom. VII., 1873. 



