578 INSECTA. 



Fam. Fungicolae (Pilzmucken). The larvae, which are without rudimentary 

 feet on the second segment, live in fungi. Sciara To ma L. The larvse before 

 entering the pupal stage come together in great numbers, and wander about in 

 long sinuous chains. Myccto^lnla fusca Meig., (Pilzmucke), Scinphila macu- 

 lata Fair. (Schattenmiicke). 



Fam. Noctuiformes (owl-like gnats). Psyclioda plialcenoidcs ~L.) Ptychoptera 

 contaminata L. (Faltenmiicke). 



Fam. Culiciformes. The larva? live in water, in rotten wood, or in earth. 

 Chironomvs plumosus L., Coreilira plu^icormst t Fabr. The larvae have four 

 tracheal vesicles and a circle of setJe on the anal segment ; live in water. 



Fam. Culicidae (gnats). The larvas live in water and have respiratory tube 

 and appendages at the posterior end of the body. Culexpipiens L. (Singmiicke). 

 The palp of the male is tufted and longer than the proboscis. The females 

 sting. 



Fam. Gallicolae (gall-flies). The larvae live in galls. Cecidomyia destructor 



FIG. 479. a, Pulcx avium J (after Taschenberg) . A Antenna; Mt. Maxillary pulp. J,Larva 



of Pulex irritant. 



Say, Hessian fly. Notorious in the United States as a destroyer of crops since 

 the year 1778. Imported (?) into the country in straw by the Hessian troops. 

 C. tritlci Kirb., in wheat. C. sec.alina Loew. C. sallcis Schrk. etc. The vivi- 

 parous larvae belong to the genus Jfiastor. 



Fam, LinmoMidae (Schnaken). The larvae are found in earth or rotten 

 wood. Tipula oleracea, L., (Kohlschnakcn,. Ctenoplwra atrataL. (Kamm- 

 miicke). 



Sub-order 4. Aphaniptera (Fleas). Dijrtera, with laterally com- 

 pressed body and distinctly separated thoracic rings. Wings are 

 absent, but there are two lateral plate-like appendages on the meso- 

 and meta-thorax. The antennas are very short and arise in a 

 depression behind the simple ocelli. The mandibles have the form 

 of toothed saw-like stylets, the maxilla are broad plates with four- 

 jointed palps. The under lip (labium) is three-jointed and forms 



