LEPIDOPTERA. 579 



the proboscis sheath. The larvae have a distinct head and jaws 

 (fig. 479). 



Fam. Pulicidse. Pulex irritanx L., flea of man. The dorsal surface of 

 the male is concave and serves for the reception of the larger female. The large 

 apodal larvae have a distinctly separated head, and live in sawdust and 

 between boards, where the elongated oval eggs are deposited. Sarcopsylla 

 penetram L., sand-flea (Chigoe), lives free in South America in the sand 

 (fig. 480). The female however bores into the skin of the human foot and of 

 various Mammalia, and there deposits the eggs. The escaping larvae give rise 

 to ulcers. 



Order 7. Lepidoptera* (Butterflies and Moths). 



Insects with suctorial mouth parts, which form a spirally rolled, 

 proboscis, ivith four similar wings which are completely covered with 

 scales, with fused prothorax and complete metamorphosis. 



The head is moveably articulated and thickly covered with hairs. 

 It bears semi- 

 circular facetted 

 eyes and some- 

 times two ocelli. 

 The antennae are 

 always straight 



aiidmany- J V'|H1HH|B|BV T ^ > 



jointed, but vary 



much ill form, FIG. 480. a, Gravid female of Sarcopylla penetrans. b, Foot of a 

 beino 1 often seti- fieM m USe Y?lth ^r 110110 ? 1 11 attached (after H. Karsten). 



form or filiform, or even club-shaped, and not rarely denticulate or 

 pectinate. The mouth parts are modified for sucking up fluid 

 nourishment, especially the nectar of flowers, but are occasionally 

 very short and hardly capable of being used. The upper lip and 

 mandibles are reduced to rudiments, but the maxillae are elongated 

 and closely jointed, and their inner sides are grooved, so that when 

 applied together they form a tube the spirally rolled proboscis 

 (fig. 481). The proboscis is furnished with small spines used for 

 tearing the nectaries of flowers ; while the nectar ascends through 

 it into the mouth, being sucked up by pumping movements of the 



* E. J. C. Esper, " Die europaischen Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach 

 der Natur, mit Beschreibungen." 7 Bde. Erlangen, 1777 1805. 



F. Ochsenheimer und F. Treitschke, " Die Schmetterlinge von Europa." 10 

 Bde. Leipzig, 1807-1835. 



W. Herrich-Schaffer, " Systematische Beschreibung der Schmetterlinge voa 

 Europa." 5 Bde. Eegensburg, 1843-1S55. 



W. Herrich-Schaffer, " Lepidopterorum exoticorum species novas aut minus 

 cognitaj. Kegensburg. 1850-1865. 



