582 IXSECTA. 



Geometridce, or five pairs, which then belong to the third to the sixth 

 and the last abdominal segments. The caterpillars establish them- 

 selves before passing into the pupal stage in some protected place, or 

 they spin cocoons and become transformed into pupae, obtectcv*, from 

 which the winged insects issue either in a few weeks or in the 

 following year. The winged insects, as a rule, live only for a short 

 time, and die after copulating and laying their eggs. Some of them, 

 however, pass the winter in sheltered localities (Rhopalocera). Some 

 very widely distributed species of caterpillars cause great damage 

 to forests and cultivated plants, a damage which is, however, limited 

 by the persecution which they suffer from certain Ichneumonidce and 

 Tachinaria. Fossil remains of butterflies have been found in tertiary 

 formations and in amber. Linnseus' classification of the Lepidoptzra 

 into diurnal, twilight, and nocturnal butterflies has been superseded 

 by the establishment of several groups and a number of families. 



Tribe 1. Microlepidoptera. Very small and delicately formed 

 Lepidoptera, usually with long setiform antennae. The caterpillars 

 have as a rule sixteen legs, of which the abdominal feet are provided 

 with a circle of hooks round the sole. Many of them bore passages 

 in the parenchyma of leaves, others live in leaves folded together, 

 and others in buds. Some few are found in water, e.g., Nymplmla 

 and other Pyralidce, The greater number remain hidden during 

 the day. 



Fam. Pterophoridae (Fcdergeistchen). Plume-moths. PtcropUorus penta- 

 dactylus L., Pt. pterodactylus L., Alucita hexadactyla L. 



Fam. Tineidae Yponomcuta evonyinclla L., spindle-tree moth. The cater- 

 pillars live together in cocoons ; several species live on fruit trees. Sdlenobia 

 2nneti=lichenella L., S. rtg3ttfg22a)Fisch., E., the female is apterous. The 

 caterpillars (sac-bearers) live in short sacs. Some of them reproduce partheno- 

 genetically. Tinea granella L., (Kornmotte). Lays its eggs in grain. The 

 caterpillars (known as grain worms) eat the grain. T.pdlionella L., (Pelzmotte) 

 T. tapczclla, L. (Tapetenmotte). Clothes-moth. 



Fam. Tortricidae (Wicklcr). Tortrix viridana'L., in he oak. Graytliolitlia 

 fwicbvana Tr., in plums. Gr. (Carpocapsa) pomonella L., in apples. 



Fam. Pyralidae (Zunsler). Crainbus pas.cu.dlus L , Botys urticalis L., 

 Galleria mcllionella, L., in bee-hives. Pyralis pingmaalis L. (Fettschabe). 

 Tabby-moth. Scopula friimentalis~L. (Saatmotte). 



Tribe 2. Geometrina. Loopers. For the most part of slender build 

 and with large wings, which in repose are tectiform. The antennae 

 are setiform and the basal joint is thickened. The caterpillars have 

 ten to twelve feet ; they move in a looping manner. "When at rest 



* Compare M. Herold, " Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge. " 

 Cassel und Marburg, 1815. 



