590 INSECTA. 



Copris lunar is L., ApJiodius subterraneus Fabr., Gcotrupes vernnlis L., 6r. 

 stercorarius L., Rhizotrogus solstitialis L., Melolontlia vulgar Is Fabr.. Cock- 

 chafer. The larvae at first live together and feed on fresh vegetable substances, 

 later (in the second and third years) on roots, which they destroy, doing great 

 damage. Towards the end of the fourth summer the beetle is usually developed 

 from the pupa, which lies in a smooth round hole, but it remains in the earth till 

 the next spring. 31. Kifpooastani Fabr., Cetonia aurata L., Atcuchm saccr L., 

 Oryctes nasicornis L. 



Fam. Derniestidae (Speckkafer). Attagoius pcllio L. (Pelzkafer). Dermestes 

 lardarius L., (Speckkafer). 



Fam. Histeridae (Stutzkafer). Ulster maculatus L., Ontopliilm strlatus Fabr. 



Fam. Silphidae (Aaskafer). Beetles and larvfe live on and lay their eggs in 

 decomposing animal and vegetable matters ; some of them even attack living 

 insects and larvre. When .attacked many defend themselves by the ejection of 

 a stinking anal excretion. Silpha thoraclca Fabr., S. obscura Fabr. Necro- 

 2)lionts vcspillo Fabr., N. germanicus Fabr. (Todtengraber). 



Fam. Pselaphidae. Live in the dark under stones and in colonies of ants. 

 Pselaj)Jtus Ilcisei Herbst, Claviger tcstaceus Pr. 



Fam. Staphylinidae (Kurzdeckflligler). Myrmcdonia canaliculata Fabr. 

 Live among ants. Staphylinus max'dlosus L., Omalluni rlvulare Payk. 



Fam. HydropMlidse (Palpicornia). Swimming beetles with short club-shaped 

 antenna and long maxillary palps, which often project beyond the antennas. 

 Feed on plants. Ilydropliilus plceus L., IIydro~b'msfusclpc,s L. 



Fam. Dytiscidae. Swimming-beetles, with filiform, ten- or eleven-jointed 

 antenna and broad swimming legs beset with setae ; the hind legs project 

 back and are especially adapted for swimming by the possession of a close 

 covering of swimming-hairs. Colymbetesfnscus L.. Dytiscus marginal! s, Sturm. 



Fam. Carabidae.* Running beetles, with eleven-jointed filiform antennae, power- 

 ful pincer-shapcd mandibles, and running legs. The elongated larvae possess 

 four-jointed antennas, four to five ocelli on each side, sickle-shaped projecting 

 pincers, and fairly long five-jointed -legs Harpalm ceneus Fabr., Bracliiim* 

 ercjritans K. (Bombardirkafer). Carabus anratus L., 'Procrustes coriaccus L. 



Fam. Cicindelidae. Tiger-beetles. Mandibles with three teeth. The larvae 

 form subterranean passages, possess a broad head, very large sickle-shaped 

 curved jaws, and bear on the dorsal surface of the eighth segment of the body 

 two horny hooks for attachment in the passage, at the opening of which they 

 lie in wait for prey. Clcindela campestris L. (fig. 484). 



Order 9. 



Insects with biting and licking mouth parts, fused prothorax, /our 

 membranous wings with only few nervures. Metamorphosis complete. 



The body has as a rule an elongated form, and possesses a freely 



* Dejean, "Species general des Coleopteres, etc." Tom I.-V., Paris, 1825- 

 1831. 



f L. Jurine, " Nouvelle methode de classer les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres/ 

 Tom. L, Hymenopteres. Geneva, 1807. 



C. Gravenhorst, " Ichneumologia Europasa," Vratislavias, 1829. J. Th. C. 

 Ratzeburg, ' Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten." 3 Bde. Berlin, 1844-1852. 



G-. Dahlbom, " Hymenoptcra Europsea, praecipue borealia." Lund. 1845. 



v. Siebold, " Beitrage zur Parthenogenesis der Arthropoden." Leipzig, 1871. 



