594 1NSECTA. 



Sub-order 1. Terebrantia. 



Female with ovipositor as tube or borer (terebra), which projects 

 freely at the end of the abdomen, and is sometimes retractile. 



Tribe 1. Phytophaga. Abdomen sessile. Trochanter composed 

 of two rings. Larvae phytophagous, resemble caterpillars. 



Fam. Tenthredinidae (Leaf-wasps). Saw-flics. Abdomen sessile with short 

 borer. The larvse have rarely three, usually nine to eleven pairs of legs, 

 and resemble caterpillars. The females lay their eggs in the epidermis of 

 leaves, the puncture causes the flow of .sap. which the egg imbibes and thereby 

 increases in size. The young larvae feed on leaves, often in early stages live 

 in societies, and become pupre in a cocoon. They are distinguished from 

 the caterpillars by the greater number of legs, and by the two ocelli on 

 the horny head. Lyda letvlce L., Tenthredo (Atlialia) spino.rum Fabr.. larvre 

 sometimes on roses. Nematus ventricosus Klg., larvae on gooseberries. Civile x 

 femorata L. 



Fam. Uroceridee (Wood- wasps). Abdomen with first tergum split, and usually 



long, freely projecting oviposi- 

 tor (egg-borer). The females 

 bore holes in wood and deposit 

 their eggs therein. The larvae 

 bore further into the wood 

 and live a long time. Sirex 

 gig as L. 



M>-' 



* i ^^ 



FIG. 489.- a, Larva of the bumble bee about to become Tribe 2. GalliCOla. Ab- 

 a pupa, b, Pseudo-pupa (Semi-pupa), c, pupa (after domen stalked. LarV83 



apodal and aproctous, 

 usually living in vegetable cells. 



Fam. Cynipidae (Gall-wasps). Thorax humped. Abdomen usually short, 

 laterally compressed. The ovipositor (egg-borer) arises on the ventral side, and 

 is as a rule retracted. The females bore into plant tissues and cause, by the 

 irritation of an acrid fluid, an abnormal flow of vegetable fluids, thus giving 

 rise to the outgrowths known as galls, on which either one or several apodal 

 larvae feed. Certain galls, especially those of the oaks of Asia Minor (Aleppo), 

 contain tannic acid, and are on this account used in industry. In many species 

 the females only are at present known ; the eggs in such cases develop 

 parthenogenetically. Many larvae are parasitic in Diptera and Apliides. 

 Cynips qucrcus folii L., Rhodites ros.ce L.. produces the bedeguar of roses. 

 Figites scutellaris Latr., parasitic on the grubs of Sarcophaga. 



Tribe 3. Entomophaga. Abdomen stalked. Female with freely 

 projecting ovipositor (spine). Larvae apodal and without anus, 

 usually parasitic in the larvae of other insects. 



Fam. Pteromalidae. The larva? are parasitic in all possible insect larva?, 

 frequently in parasites, and pass through a complicated metamorphosis, ex- 

 tremely remarkable for the succession of very different stages. Ptcromalits 

 pnparum L., Teleas clavicornis Latr., Platygastcr Latr., (fig. 458). 



