ARTIODACTYLA. RUMINANTIA. 317 



together of its lips, into the small third division of the stomach, which 

 is called the psalterium on account of the numerous leaf -like folds of 

 its inner surface. From the psalterium the food enters the fourth 

 stomach the longitudinally folded rennet stomach, or abomasum, in 

 which the digestion takes its further course under the influence of 

 the secretion of the numerous peptic glands. In only a few cases, - 

 in the Java Musk-deer and the Tylopoda (Camels and Llamas) is 

 the psalterium absent as a separate division. 



Fam. Tylopoda. Kuminants without accessory digits, with a callous sole 

 covering all three phalanges behind the small hoofs. The prasmaxillaries bear 

 two, in the young animal four or six incisor teeth, while the number of the 

 lower incisors is reduced by two. There are also strong canines in both jaws. 

 There is no separate psalterium. AuoJienia glatna L., Llama ; A. huanaco 

 H. Sm. ; A. Alpaco Gm. ; A. vicugna, Gm. All on the west coast of South America. 



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Camelus dremedarius L., Dromedary, Grinding teeth, -; C. bactrianus L. 



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two-humped Camel of Tartary, Mongolia. 



Fam. Devexa = Camelopardalidae, Giraffes. With very long neck, long front 

 legs ; the hind legs are much shorter, and, therefore, the back slopes backwards 

 Camclopardalis giraffa Gm., wooded plains of Central Africa. 



Fam. Moschidae. Small, slender Euminants, without horns, with tusk-like, 

 strongly-developed upper canine teeth in the male. The male has between the 

 navel and the penis a glandular sac, in which strong-smelling musk accumulates. 

 Moschus moscliiferus L., high mountains of Central Asia, from Thibet to 

 (Siberia ; Tragulus javanicus Pall., without musk-bag, Island of Sunda. 



Fam. Cervidae (Deer). Of slender build, with horns in the males, and two 

 rudimentary digits. In almost all cases there is a brush of hairs on the inside of 

 the hind foot, which affords a good means of distinguishing deer from the 



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antelopes. Upper canines often present in the male. Grinding teeth :-- 

 The horns, which, except in the Keindeer, are confined to the male, are of 

 systematic importance ; they are solid dermal bones, which are attached to a 

 bony process of the forehead, and are detached at regular periods from the 

 thickened circular base, cast off, and renewed. They feed on leaves, buds, and 

 shoots. The females have four mammse, but usually bear only one young. 

 Australia and South Africa only are without Cermdce. Fossil species first 

 appear in the middle tertiaries. Cervus capreolus L., Roe-deer; C. elaplius, L. 

 Red-deer ; C. canadensis Priss., North America ; C. campestris Cuv. ; Dama vul- 

 garis Brook, Fallow-deer ; Megaceros liibernicus Ow. (euryceros}. extinct Irish 

 elk of the diluvium ; Alecs palmatus Klein = C. alces L., Moose or Elk, in North 

 Europe, Russia, and North America: Rangifer tarandus H.. Sm., Reindeer, 

 antlers in both sexes, with numerous broadly-projecting prongs ; they are used 

 as beasts of burden, and for draught and riding, by the Laps. 



Fam. Cavicornia. Without canine teeth, with - grinders and hollow horns in 



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both sexes. All are gregarious, and most polygamous. 



Sub-fam. Antilopinse. Antilope dorcas Licht., Gazelle, Africa ; Saiga saiga 

 Wagn., steppes of Asia ; Hippotragus equinus Geoffr., Blaubock of South 

 Africa ; H. oryx Blainv. : H. addax Wagn. , Africa ; Strcpsiceros Kudu Gray, 



