I'ROBOSCIDEA. 319 



there are maminillary prominences on the masticatory surface. 

 According to Owen, there are three prsemolars, and the same number 

 of molars. There are, however, never more than three, usually only 

 two grinding teeth above the gum at the same time ; for the hinder 

 teeth, which increase in size and number of lamellae, only appear 

 after the anterior have fallen out. At first each half of the jaw has 

 one grinder, behind which a second is soon developed. Later on the 

 front one is worn out, and falls out, and then a new tooth makes its 

 appearance behind the second. The cylindrical limbs end with five 

 digits, which are connected as far as the small hoofs. The females 

 have a two-horned uterus, and two thoracic mammae. The placenta 

 is zonary. Elephants live together in herds, and inhabit damp, 

 shady places in the hot parts of Africa and India. They possess 

 great intelligence, and when tamed are extremely useful animals. 

 They were used even in antiquity as beasts of burden in war, and 

 in the chase. 



Fam. Elephantidae. Eleplias indicus Cuv. The transverse spaces of the 

 molars in the form of narrow bands, with almost parallel, finely folded edges. 

 Head very deep, with concave forehead and relatively small ears. Attains a height 

 of ten to twelve feet. Ceylon and India. The Elephant of Sumatra, according 

 i ) Temmink, belongs to a special species (JK sumatranus*). K primigenius 

 Llumb., Mammoth, diluvial ; E. (Loxodon) Africanus Blumb. The transverse 

 spaces of the molars are lozenge- shaped and less numerous. Skull less deep. 

 Ears very large. Central and South Africa. Mastodon, giganteum Cuv. 

 diluvial in North America. 



The miocene genus Dinotherium Kp. is, according to its skull, 

 closely allied (and therefore included with) the Proboscidea. Its 

 extremities, however, have not yet been found, and the view that it 

 is allied to the Sirenia cannot be directly contradicted. In the 

 dentition there are no incisors in the praemaxillaa, while there are two 

 large downwardly curved tusks in the lower jaw. Grinding teeth 



-, with two to three rows of transverse tubercles. D. giganteum Kp. 



Eppelsheim. 



The Lamnungia are usually separated as a distinct order, and are 

 placed near the Elephants. They are small and resemble the Agouti ; 

 in their dentition they are intermediate between the Rodents and 

 Pachyderms, and in the formation of their feet show resemblances to 

 the Tapirs and have, therefore, often been placed with the Pachyderms. 

 The body is closely haired, the front feet have four digits, the 

 posterior three, all of which are provided with small hoofs;. 



