328 



MAMMALIA. 



femur and crus (middle division of leg) are, unlike the corresponding 

 parts of the arm, very short. A spurlike process, called the calcar, 

 projects from the inner side of the ankle-joint, and serves for the 

 support of the femoral and caudal part of the patagium. Of the 

 sense organs the eyes are relatively slightly developed, but on the 

 contrary, the senses of smell, of hearing, and of touch, are, in 

 correspondence with the nocturnal habits, of great importance. Spal- 

 lanzani has shown that Bats which have been made blind are able 

 to avoid all obstacles in their flight with great skill. The sense of 

 hearing is not less developed; it is essentially assisted by a large 



FIG. C99. Skeleton of Pteropus (after Owen, slightly altered). St, Sternum; Cl, Clavicle; 

 Sc, Scapula; H, Humerus ; R, Radius; Z7j Ulna; D, Thumb; Jl, Ilium; P, Pubis ; 

 Js, Ischium; Fe, Femur; T, Tibia; F, Fibula. 



pinna, which is provided with special lobes, and can be closed by 

 a valve. 



Bats are nocturnal animals, and feed on Insects. Amongst the 

 exotic species there are some which attack Birds and Mammals, 

 and suck their blood (-Vampire) ; other, and especially the larger 

 species live on fruit. Many fall into a winter sleep. They bear 

 only one or two young at a birth, suckle them with their pectoral 

 mammary glands, and carry them about during their flight. 



Sub-order 1. Frugivora (Fruit-eating Bats). With elongated 

 dog- like head, small ears, and short rudimentary tail. The index 

 finger, which has three phalanges, often bears a claw as well as the 



