PRIMATES. 339 



parative investigation, we shall reach with Wundt the conclusion that 

 the mind of Man differs from that of the beasts only in the degree 

 of development which it has attained. 



The origin of Man and his early history are hidden in complete 

 obscurity, but the view that he has existed for only a few centuries 

 on the earth is completely contradicted by antiquarian and geological 

 investigations. The simultaneous appearance of the remains of 

 human bones (skulls of Engis and of the Neanderthal) and of 

 stone implements, with the skeletal remains of extinct animals 

 (Mammoth, Rhinoceros tichorhinus} of the diluvial period, proves the 

 great antiquity of the human race. Man certainly existed in the 

 pleistocene period, but possibly also at the beginning of the tertiary 

 epoch. There are, however, at the present time, no definite facts 

 with regard to his origin ; * the view, that the highest form of life 

 has also originated by the process of natural selection from one of the 

 lower forms of Primates, is only a deduction from the Darwinian 

 theory. 



The question as to the unity of the species of Man,* which may be 

 answered in different ways according to the different conceptions of 

 species, may remain undiscussed, since from the impossibility of draw- 

 ing a distinct line between species and race, a definite conclusion is 

 impossible. Blumenbach, at the end of the last century, distinguished 

 five races of men, and characterised them by the form of the head 

 and skulls, by the colour of the skin, and the structure of the hair. 



1. The Caucasian race, with white skin, fair or dark hair, globular 

 skull, high forehead, vertically placed teeth, narrow nose, and long 

 oval face. Inhabitants of Europe, West Asia, and North Africa. 

 To this race belong the Indogermanic peoples (Germans, Celts, 

 Hindoos, Iranians, etc.) ; the Semitic peoples (Jews, Arabs, Berbers, 

 etc.) ; and the Slavs. 



2. The Mongolian race, with yellowish skin, almost quadrangular 

 short head, narrow, flat forehead, small nose, projecting cheekbones, 

 and broad face, with oblique eyes (from above and outside to below 

 and inside), stiff, black hair. They inhabit parts of Asia, Lapland, 

 and North America (Eskimos). 



3. The Ethiopian race, with black skin and close, crisp, curly hair, 

 with narrow elongated skull, and prominent jaws with oblique 



* Cf. Ch. Darwin, " The descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex." 

 London : John Murray, vol. i. and ii., 1871. 



Cf. Th. Waitz, " Anthropologie der Naturvolker," fortgesetzt von Gerland, 

 Leipzig, 1859-1872. 



