96 PAGAN TRIBES OF BORNEO chap. 



branches unless the custom known as nampok has 

 some connection with it. 



Conclusion 



We have now to discuss some problems sug- 

 gested by a review of the facts set forth above, and 

 to bring forward a few additional facts that seem to 

 throw light on these questions. 



The question that we will first discuss is this : 

 Are all or any of the instances of peculiar regard paid 

 to animals, or of animals sacrificed to gods or spirits, 

 or of the ceremonial use of their blood, to be 

 regarded as institutions surviving from a fully 

 developed system of totemism now fallen into 

 decay ? It will have been noticed that many of 

 the features of totemism, as it occurs in its best 

 developed forms, occur among the people of one or 

 other of the tribes of Sarawak. We have, in the 

 first place, numerous cases in which a whole com- 

 munity refuses to kill or eat an animal which is 

 believed to protect and aid them by omens and 

 warnings and in other ways, and in which the 

 animal is worshipped with prayer and sacrifice {e.g, 

 the hawk among various tribes) ; we have at least 

 one instance of a community claiming to be related 

 to a friendly species (Long Patas and the crocodile), 

 and having as usual an extravagant myth to account 

 for the belief ; we have the domestic animal that is 

 sacrificially slain, its blood being sprinkled on the 

 worshippers and its flesh eaten by them, and that is 

 never slain without religious rites (pig of the 

 Kenyahs and Kayans) ; we have the animal that 

 must not be killed tatued on the skin of the men 

 (the dog), or its skin worn by fully grown men only 

 (the tiger-cat), or images of it made of clay or carved 

 in wood and set up before the house (the hawk and 

 crocodile) ; we have also the animal that is claimed 



