314 PAGAN TRIBES OF BORNEO 



Nieuwenhuis came to the conclusion that the three chief 

 tribes measured by him represented three main groups of 

 the population of Central Borneo, physically and culturally. 

 Mr. E. B. Haddon drew attention {Man, 1905, No. 13, 

 p. 22) to the close similarity of the results published by 

 Kohlbrugge (1903) with those published by me (1901). 

 I recognised five main groups of peoples in Sarawak : 

 Punan, Klemantan (or, as Dr. Hose and I then spelled it, 

 Kalamantan), Kenyah-Kayan, Iban or Sea Dayak, and 

 Malay. The I bans are not referred to by either of the 

 Dutch ethnologists, who, like myself, merely alluded to 

 the Malay element. Kohlbrugge and I included the 

 Bakatan or Beketan and the Ukit or Bukat in the Punan 

 group, and also bracketed together the Kayans and 

 Kenyahs. In Sarawak there are numerous and often small 

 tribes which it is frequently very difficult or quite impossible 

 to differentiate from one another, although the extremes 

 of the series can be distinguished ; we therefore decided 

 to comprehend them under the non - committal term of 

 Klemantan (p. 42). I showed that they were of mixed 

 origin, and stated that, " It is possible that the Kalamantans 

 were originally a dolichocephalic people who mixed first 

 with the indigenous brachycephals (Punan group) and later 

 with the immigrant brachycephals (Kenyah-Kayan group) 

 or the Kalamantans may have been a mixed people when 

 they first arrived in Borneo and subsequently increased 

 their complexity by mixing with these two groups" 

 {I.e. p. 352). I also made it clear that I regarded the 

 dolichocephalic element as of Indonesian stock and the 

 brachycephalic of Proto - Malayan origin. It was with 

 great satisfaction that I found Kohlbrugge had come to 

 similar conclusions and that the Ulu Ayars exhibit such 

 strong traces of an Indonesian origin, stronger perhaps 

 than those of any tribe in Sarawak, with the possible 

 exception of the scarcely studied Muruts and allied tribes. 



tribes but the four Kayan tribes of the Upper Rejang, the Uma Bawang, Uma 

 Naving, Uma Daro and Uma Lesong say that they came from Usun Ape or 

 Apo Kayan as Nieuwenhuis calls it. 



"The Kayans in the Kapuas are the Uma Ging, and the only Kayans that 

 I know of in the Bulungan river are the Uma Lekans : there are no Kayans or 

 Kenyahs in the Limbang river. 



"Apo Kayan or Usun Apo is the country from which the Batang Kayan 

 river or Bulungan, the Kotei, and their great tributaries rise on the one side, 

 and the tributaries of the Rejang and Baram on the other. It extends from 

 the Bahau river in the north to the Mahakam in the south. The Kenyahs of 

 the Baram are spoken of by the people of the Batang Kayan as Kenyah Bau." 



