322 PAGAN TRIBES OF BORNEO 



breadth^ between outer curvature of alse, without pressure ; bi- 

 malar breadth^ from the outer upper corner of the margin of the 

 orbit, pressing firmly (this was usually marked with a soft pencil) ; 

 naso-malar line^ between these points over the bridge of the 

 nose. 



The term dolichocephalic is used to designate a cephalic index 

 of 77.9 and under, and brachycephalic ono. of 78 and over. Heads 

 with a length-height index of 66.9 and under are platycephalic^ 

 those of 67-69.9 are mesocephalic^ and those of 70 and over are 

 hypsicephalic. The breadth-height limits are 82.9, 83-84.9, and 

 85. The term chamoiprosopic is used where the total facial index 

 is 89.9 and under, and leptoprosopic where it is 90 and over, the 

 corresponding limit for the upper facial index is - 49.9 and 50 + . 

 Owing to the character of the nose it was not easy in most cases 

 to ascertain the exact upper limit of the length, and it is probably 

 owing to this that the indices show such marked platyrhiny. 

 Unfortunately these indices cannot be compared with those 

 obtained by Nieuwenhuis, as he measured to the tip of the nose 

 and not to its angle with the lip as we did. The term leptorhine 

 is used for noses with an index of 69.9 and under, mesorhine for 

 1o-ZAf'% platyrhine for 85-99.9, and hyper-platyrhine for 100 and 

 over. The profiles of the nose were compared with the figures 

 in Notes and Queries (1892). In speaking of the eye, hy fold is 

 meant the Mongolian fold which covers the caruncle. All the irises 

 have a brown colour, being either light, medium, or dark. The 

 observations on the ears were made by means of MS. notes and 

 diagrams drawn up for me by Prof. A. Keith. He recommended 

 that persons under fifteen years of age or over sixty should not 

 be noted, and that as there is a very marked sexual difference, 

 observations on men and women should be kept quite separate. 

 Variations in every race are, within certain limits, so numerous 

 that he suggested that at least a hundred of each sex should be 

 observed ; although the numbers examined of the several tribes 

 is usually very small, their total number will probably be found 

 sufficient to give a fair idea of the more common types of ears. 

 The types of ears suggested by Dr. Keith are (i) "European": 

 this applies only to the general shape; the folding, etc., varies 

 enormously. (2) " Negroid " : this resembles the " Orang type," 

 but differs in being two-thirds of a circle ; that is to say, the 

 Negroid ear has a much greater breadth relative to its height than 

 the ears of Europeans. (3) "Orang": this is the smallest and 

 most degenerate form of ear, seen in its most typical form in the 

 orang utan ; it is the common female type. (4) " Chimpanzee " : 

 this is the largest and most primitive form of ear, and is found 

 in its typical condition in the chimpanzee ; it is commonly, but 

 not always, set at a considerable angle to the head. Angle: 

 The ear may be appressed (o), or it may stand out from 



