scientific knowledge, and thereby facilitates protection, mitigation and enhancement of 

 salmon and steelhead. Designing actions in such a way that learning is fostered makes it 

 possible to act in the face of uncertainty. 



(d) Take action with a reasonable understanding of potential risks and benefits (including 

 biological, economical, and social risks). 



If risks are understood, it is more likely that efforts to restore salmon and steelhead 

 will be effective and that time and money will not be wasted on actions that are ineffective or 

 harmful. 



(e) Address the hydropower responsibility. 



To achieve these common objectives, a system perspective is needed to guide the 

 three interdependent types of action needed to restore salmon and steelhead in the 

 Columbia River Basin: passage improvement, increased fish production, and harvest 

 management. Production of fish may be increased through hatcheries, improving habitat 

 and improving passage in tributaries. Passage of fish at mainstem dams may be increased 

 through bypass, regulation of spill and flows, and transportation. Harvest management may 

 be improved through changing fishing regulations. All three types of action are under way 

 in the Columbia River Basin. 



Several factors give rise to the need for a system approach to restoration. The 

 Columbia River Basin is extremely complex with a multitude of natural environments 

 supporting a multitude of salmon and steelhead stocks. These fish migrate through many 



-13- 



