DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. lo 



perhaps, for two purposes — to lighten the head and protect the lungs, 

 The larynx is a musculo cartilaginous box, held in its place by muscles, 

 bones and trachea. The cartilages of the larynx are cricoid, thyroid, 

 epiglottis, two arytenoid and two cuneiform. The cricoid surrounds the 

 trachea ; the tyroid is shieldlike ; it is called Adam's apple, the epiglottis 

 or pot-lid ; the arytenoid is ewer shaped ; the cuneiform are false vocal 

 cords internal to the larynx. 



The muscles of the larynx regulate the passage of air into the lungs. 

 The glottal opening is in the centre of the larynx. The mucous mem- 

 brane of the larynx is extremely sensitive. The larynx is well supplied 

 with nerves, superior and inferior laryngeal. The trachea is composed 

 of a number of incomplete rings which are attached by ligamentous 

 attachment ; the muc )us membrane of the trachea is not so sensitive as 

 that of the larynx. The trachea terminates in the right and left bronchi. 



Catarrh means a discharge from any mucous membrane. We may 

 have catarrh of stomach, bladder, etc. Nasal catarrh means a discharge 

 of mucous membrane of the nose and sinuses of the same ; first there is 

 slight congestion and a peculiar dryness which gives way to a discharge 

 of a watery nature, which if it runs on soon becomes thick. 



Causes. — The most common, perhaps, is exposure, or sudden changes 

 of temperature ; standing in a draft ; having been driven when in poor 

 condition, when system is weakened. 



Symptoms. — Slight dulness ; may not take food very well : coat staring 

 to some extent ; pulse not much affected ; throat becomes sore ; after 

 congestion passes oft' exudation takes place, followed by the discharge, 

 and it may be very profuse, but it must not alarm you. There is gener- 

 ally impaired secretion of mine ; breathing not much aft'ected in many 

 cases. We have also a discharge from the nose in other diseases, such as 

 influenza, glanders, etc. 



Treatment is simple. Give plenty of good, pure air ; place in a com- 

 fortable box, well ventilated, and if the weather is cold blanket him 

 accordingly ; use nitrate of potash, two, four or six drachms, two or 

 three times a day. One or two ounces nitrous ether, with one or two 

 ounces laudanum, may arrest the attack in the first stages, or you may 

 have to give a dose of purgative medicine, but be very careful in giving 

 purgative medicine in diseases of the respiratory organs. Bathe the 

 nostrils with warm water and allow him to inhale the steam. Just allow 

 it to pass into the nostrils, or use a nose bag, but allow plenty of pure 

 air. If a cough is present, stimulate the throat with equal parts of 

 ammonia, turpentine and oil, but if it is a very thin-skinned animal, you 

 may use less turpentine and ammonia and more oil, or mustard may be 

 used. Give laxative food, but do not let the animal run down in condi- 

 tion too much. If the discharge from the nose runs too long, it may be 

 arrested by the use of sulphate of iron, one or two drachms two or three 

 times a day, or chlorate of potash, one or two drachms two or three times 

 a day. 



Larynigitis^ sore throat. It is first a congestion and then inflamma- 

 tion of the mucous membrane of the larynx. There is often an effusion 

 into the sub-mucous tissue, when it is called odematous larynigitis. 



Causes. — Similar to those of catarrh, exposure ; a number of horses 

 kept in the same stable, or being kept in underground stables, or it may 

 be an epizootic disease ; that is, it attacks a number of animals at the 

 same time, and it is quite difficult to say just what causes it in this way. 

 It may occur from injury from balling with a stick, etc. 



Symptoms.— ¥ir<it, dulness and swelling, easily noticed if the animal 

 attempts to drink ; water may be expelled through the nostrils, owing to 



