DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 21 



suffer from another attack unless gotten in good condition, after which he 

 will not be so likely to be attacked again. 



Pneumonia ©r Inflammation of tlie Lung:s.— It may occur in either 

 the acute or chronic form. It may affect both or only one lung, or a part 

 of the lung, or the entire lung. It is infl immation of the lung substance 

 or parenchyma. It is not at all uncommon. It is found in connection 

 with other diseases of the lungs, especially the pleura, for the pleura cov- 

 ers the lung very closely, and if both the pleura and lung are afifected, 

 then it is pleuro pneumonia. Inflammation affects the substance of the 

 lungs ; the nutrient vessels in it are first affected, especially if it does not 

 come on very suddenly. There are several stages of the disease, and it 

 may terminate fatally at any of these stages There is arterial conges- 

 tion, in which the arteries become congested (Splenization), for in post 

 mortem it presents the appearance of the spleen ; a kind (.f frothy fluid 

 issues from the lungs ; the lung first becomes loaded with blood and 

 bloody serum. If in this stage of the disease there is still crepitation, the 

 lung has not entirely lost its natural characteristics, for it will swim in 

 water. In the third stage the lung is much changed ; there is an exuda- 

 tion which does not liquify ; the cells are destroyed to a great extent ; the 

 lung becomes somewhat solid ; the post mortem reveals a hepatized con- 

 dition ; the lung will now sink in water. It is sometimes called red 

 hepatization, in contradistinction to gray hepatization, or diffused sup- 

 puration. The fourth stage is gray hepatization or diffuse suppuration, 

 and presents a gray appearance ; is soft and pulpy, except in an ox. 



Causes are predisposing and exciting ; constitutional ; and plethora ; 

 improper ventilation ; sudden changes in temperature (the weather in the 

 fall of the year is more likely to produce it than the cold of winter) ; 

 placing the horse in a warm stable, and then turning him out to pasture ; 

 clipping, and then exposing to the cold. It is also the result of neglected 

 catarrh ; being driven while suffering from catarrh, etc. Diseases of the 

 air passages are likely to terminate in pneumonia ; allowing a horse to 

 stand in a shed where there is a draft. It will occur in well but improp- 

 perly ventilated stables, such as standing the horse between two large 

 doors ; it is produced by inhalation of smoke, but this is not so likely to 

 produce pneumonia as bronchitis ; the improper administration of medi- 

 cine producing bronchitis, and then pneumonia. It is more likely to 

 occur in young horses than in old ones. 



Symptoms. — The careful px'actitioner is but little troubled in detecting 

 this disease. It is usually brought on by shivering ; when the shivering 

 ceases heat takes place ; ears and legs cold, and then hot or natural tem- 

 perature (the same in pleurisy) ; mouth hot and sticky ; the breathing 

 slightly affected ; the pulse is what is called an oppressed pulse ; it is 

 quick— may be full. The horse as a general thing persists in standing, 

 for the reason that it gives him more ease than any other position, but 

 there r^re exceptions to this rule. The eyes have a glassy appearance ; 

 the conjunctiva injected ; there is a peculiar flapping of the nostrils ; a 

 heavyj sighing breathing ; and one symptom that occasionally misleads 

 is constipation of the bowels ; the feces are covered with mucous or 

 slime ; by placing the ear to the chest, crepitation can be heard It is a 

 good symptom to see the animal look around him freely. The horse 

 desires pure air, which you can determine by letting him loose, aud he 

 will go to the open door. The respiratory movements vary t ) a certain 

 extent, but not so much as might be supposed ; the horse breathes about 

 ten times per minute, but it may vary to some extent. In pneumonia 

 these movements are increased more or less, but pneumonia is a disease 

 that often goes on to a considerable extent without showing any violent 



