22 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 



symptoms. Auscultation can either be detected by placing the ear to 

 the chest or by means of a stethoscope. There are certain sounds ; if 

 the animal be excited, you will hear a peculiar sound [^abnormal sounds 

 are quite difficult to describe] . Use percussion ; tapping the chest, 

 there will be a cresonant sound, but if hepatization is present there will 

 be a dull sound. Place the ear to the chest and you will hear a crepi- 

 tating or rumbling sound. If arterial injection has taken place, then 

 you may have crepitation very well marked. The first sound is some- 

 thing like rubbing the hair between the thumb and finger near the ear ; 

 by-and-by when exudation takes place, there will be no sound at all over 

 the diseased part (there will be sound over the diseased part, but not 

 directly over it ;) the pulse becomes quick — one hundred beats a minute 

 or moi'e — increasing much on exciting the animal. The breathing and 

 flapping of the nostrils increase ; there is a discharge from the nose, of 

 a reddish brown colour, which is a very bad sign ; appetite entirely gone ; 

 breath very fetid ; will not lie down ; notices nothing ; and, as death 

 approaches, the mouth becomes cold ; the pulse very indistinct ; perhaps 

 now lies down ; breathing very much increased ; gets up, perhaps ; falls 

 and expires. Death may occur in from ten to twenty hours. If the 

 animal dies in from twelve to twenty-four hours, it is generally from 

 congestion. If the case is about to terminate favourably the animal 

 lifts the head, looks around some, and legins to eat. It is rather satis- 

 factorily treated. 



Treatment. — Clothe the body according to the season of the year. If 

 the attack comes from some well marked cause in an animal in good 

 condition, use sedatives ; aconite, Fleming's tincture — six to eight drops, 

 Fleming's tincture being much stronger than other tinctures ; in some 

 cases a moderate amount of blood letting may be of benefit, but never 

 if the animal is of a weak habit. Give small dose of nitrate of potash, 

 ten to twelve drachms in twenty-four hours. Endeavor to overcome 

 distressing symptoms by giving the tincture of opium— half -ounce or 

 even one ounce. Encourage the animal to take a certain amount of 

 food, such as a bran mash, but if such will not be taken then give any 

 thing the animal will take ; but do not push too much food into him. 

 After the sedative, and relief is obtained, give stimulants ; nitrous ether, 

 milk, whisky, etc. He may take it in cold water ; if so, it is the best 

 way to give it. There are other remedies. There is difference of opinion 

 as to counter irritation, whether it should be usei or not. I think 

 judicious counter irritation is attended with benefit. Apply cloths 

 wrung out of hot water, or mustard poultices. There are different ways 

 of applying mustard. The best is the same as it is applied to human 

 patients ; leave on just as 3'our judgment dictates. It is necessary to 

 know just when to stop giving medicine. When the animal is recovering 

 call the bowels to action by the judicious use of loosening diet. If it is 

 the result of catarrh, it is not necessary to give sedatives. If a cough is 

 present, give digitalis and opium. But digitalis is a medicine you must 

 be very careful with. 



Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, and frequently exists in con- 

 nection with pneumonia. Acute pleurisy is a pretty .serious disease, and 

 apt to terminate fatally, or injure the animal. Death does not generally 

 take place before the third or fourth day. If of long standing, hydro- 

 thorax is the result. 



Inflammation of tlie Textures Involvint? tlie Pleura.— If the 

 animal dies in the first stages, red streaks will be seen in the pleura. 

 There is a tendency to serous exudation, or exudation of a serous 

 character, but we have an exudation of a fibrinous character, and also a 



