24 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 



head to the door if permitted, showing his desire for oxygen ; ears and 

 legs cold. If you are called to see an animal that has had pleurisy and 

 the ahove symptoms are presented, you can make up your mind that it is 

 hydrothorax. 



Treatment, — Give stimulants, diuretics, and tonics freely. Endeavour 

 to get the animal to eat the very best of food, not bran mashes, etc.. but 

 the very best of food. You may overcome the disease, but there is no 

 specific for it ; you may try tapping, which is sometimes attended with 

 success, but not so successful as in the human pract'ce ; you puncture 

 between the eighth and ninth ribs. This operation is called paracentisis. 

 Keep the animal quiet, and endeavour to build up his condition. 



Fleiiro-Pneumonia of the horse, or inflammation of the pleura and 

 lungs. It always occurs in a sporadic form. It is not contagious, as in 

 cattle. 



Causes are similar to those mentioned, and if influenza prevails, 

 pleuro-pneumonia also prevails. The 



Symptoms are generall}^ pretty plain ; the animal persists in standing ; 

 pulse quick- ned and wiry. 



Treatment. — Just the same as in pneumonia I favour a form in 

 giving stimulants instead of sedatives. 



Recapitulation. — Pressure upon the intercostal spaces causes pain ; at 

 first there is dryness of the pleural surfaces ; then more or less exuda- 

 tion ; there may be adhesion of the pleura costalis and pleura pulmonalis. 

 Give opiate to relieve pain. May give one or one and a half grains of 

 acetate of morphia hypodermically. If once hydrothorax is well estab- 

 lished, and results from pleurisy, you may do something for it, but if it 

 results from pleuro-pneumonia it is almost a hopeless case. 



Bronchitis may accompany some of the chest affections already men- 

 tioned. The trachea terminates in the bronchi, these in the bronchial 

 tubes, and these in the air cells. Bronchitis is inflammation of the 

 bronchial tubes — there is acute and chronic. If you suffer from a sore 

 throat, and have some difificulty in the throat, the soreness extending 

 down, it is acute bronchitis, or there may be mechanical bronchitis in 

 the horse from a foreign substance in the throat, or from irritating 

 medicines ; from balling with a stick, etc. 



Symptoms. — A peculiar dryness ; in health there is always a fluid or 

 secretion in the throat ; in inflammation this is dried up. There is dry- 

 ness of the mucous membranes ; increased breathing to a certain extent ; 

 there is a peculiar loud breathing or snoring, which can be discovered by 

 auscultation. The second result is an exudation which changes the loud 

 breathing to some extent. The horse does not expectorate as much as 

 a man, but no doubt it does come up and is swallowed. If you listen 

 now you will hear this sound to a certain extent, but not so well defined 

 as at first ; but if you have very violent or diflBcult breathing a peculiar 

 hissing or whistling sound, there is inflammation of the air-cells, or the 

 cells are plugged up to a certain extent, and this may lead to hepatiza- 

 tion of the lung by affecting the lung tissue. Mouth hot, and the pulso 

 not hard but soft. Capilliary bronchitis is speedily followed by great 

 depression ; there is coldness of the extremeties, which is symptomatic 

 of all such diseases ; it may terminate fatally very quickly, or it may 

 recover as quickly. 



Causes. — Diiving the horse when hot or in poor condition ; inhalation 

 of smoke ; sudden changes in temperature, etc. Causes of the mechani- 

 cal form are choking, regurgitating of food and passing it into the 

 trachea ; the accumulation of gas in the intestines and throwing it up in 



