1)ISEASES Oi DOMESTIC ANIMALb. 60 



with ophthalmia, or it may become irritated without this. This inter- 

 feres with the secretion of the tears passing into the lachrymal duct, and 

 they flow down over the cheek. 



Treatment. — Applications of cold or warm water. Cleanse nicely and 

 touch with mild astringents Sulphate of zinc, five grjins to one ounce 

 of water, and about one-half drachm of laudanum, which you may inject 

 with a small syringe This membrana nictitans sometimes becomes dis- 

 eased, until we have to remove it from the eye. If it is ulcerated but 

 slightly, try a caustic upon it, such as nitrate of silver, and if this does 

 not do, it may be necessary to remove it 



Lachrymal Ducts ami Passages. — When the tears are secreted, they 

 pass into the puncta lachrymalia, then through the lachrymal canals, 

 and enter the lachrymal sack, and then into the nose, through the lach- 

 rymal duct. These lachrymal passages become diseased, obstructing the 

 flow of tears. This is due to various causes ; due to an enlarged condition 

 of the caruncula lachrymalis, or from the thickening of the lining mem- 

 brane of the duct. This thickening may result from various causes, and 

 may result from catarrh, or from a foreign body passing through some 

 opening into the lachrj-mal sack, and interfering with the passage of the 

 tears through the duct. 



Symptoms are well marked, and there is not much diflSculty in detect- 

 ing it. Nostrums put in the eye w^ll have no effect if the cause is within 

 the duct ; if from the thickening of the mucous membrane, the tears will 

 pass down the outside of the cheek and destroy the hair to some extent, 

 and there may be a purulent discharge from the inner angle of the eye ; 

 the eyeball will be irritated. If the obstruction is down in the duct, the 

 lachrymal sack may be enlarged, and if this is the case, if you lift the 

 head, it sometimes causes this discharge to flow more freely. Examine 

 as to the anterior opening of the duct, inside the nose. 



Treatment.— li irom obstruction, remove it; and the best way is to 

 inject the duct with tepid water ; then with a solution of sulphate of zinc ; 

 and it is better injected from below than from the upper opening. Take 

 a glass syringe with a long nozzle, and the fluid may pass through easily ; 

 and it may not jtass just at once, but keep up injections for some days. 

 You may use carbolic acid, but no strong application is useful Keep the 

 eye nice and clean. Some authorities recommend the introduction of a 

 probe. If you fail from lower opening, then try the upper, but the latter 

 is more liable to irritate the eye. It is sometimes necessary to throw the 

 animal in injecting from the upper opening. 



Congenital Malformation, in which no duct is formed It may be 

 formed through the bone, but not through the soft tissues, or only the 

 mucous membrane is left to obstruct it ; there will be a discharge from 

 the eye ; lift the head and there will be this purulent discharge from the 

 lachrymal sack An artificial opening may be made, and allow the tears 

 to flow through it to the outside of the cheek, instead of out at the eye. 

 If the opening is just closed by the mucous membrane, just make an 

 incision and let the tears pass through the opening into the nose. You 

 may trephine and make an opening from the duct to the outside of the 

 cheek. There may be fistula of this duct, and the depression of the bone 

 may interfere with the flow of tears. 



The Eyelids may be inverted or everted ; the one turned in, called 

 entrophium. It may occur in the lower eyelid, but not frequently ; 

 oftener seen in dogs than horses When this occurs the eyelashes rub 

 upon the eyeball, which irritate it, and causes a prosecretion of tears and 

 a purulent discharge. Bring he parts into proper position, just by incis- 

 ing a small portion of the skin, and use a suture, and this may suffice, or 



