70 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS ANU TREATMENT OV 



you may have to pull the hair from the eyelids or cut a portion out, and 

 bring the cut edges tos[ether with a suture, just dipping the thread in a 

 solution of carbolic acid. We also find just the opposite of this takes 

 place, called octropium, or eversion of the eyelids. It proceeds from 

 various causes ; may proceed from simple ophthalmia Scarifying may 

 bring it to its natural condition, but if it continues it interferes with the 

 animal very much, and makes him quite unsightly. This is also more 

 common with the dog. 



Treatment. — Varied according to the case; if just due to congestion of 

 the mucous lining, scarify and it may do, but you may have to use 

 caustics - nitrate of silver solution, or even a pencil of nitrate of silver, 

 and if you cannot subdue with caustic, then you excise the parts wath 

 knife or scissors. After treatment bathe the eye nicely, bring the parts 

 as near the natural position as possible. The cornea is mostly affected. 



('aninciila Lechrymalis may become enlarged from ophthalmia or 

 injury. The irritation is reduced by fomentations, astringents, etc., but 

 if this does not answer, use the knife or scissors, then allaj^ the irritation. 

 Some use a ligature instead of the knife. There will be opacity of the 

 cornea, which will disappear as soon as the irritation subsides. We 

 notice in horses, the same as in man, that some have better eyesight than 

 others ; some near and some far-sighted. 



Myopia, being near sightedness ; due to too great a convexity of the 

 eye. The animal may have an apparently well-formed eye, but he will 

 shy, no doubt due to defective vision, which is difficult to detect even in 

 human patients. There is just the opposition of this, far sightedness, 

 which is most likely to occur in old animals and old persons 



(glaucomatous Condition of the Eye. — The vitreous humour loses 

 its ti-ansparency, and becomes bluish in colour ; osteo-sarcoma may pro- 

 duce it You sometimes meet with a kind of ossification of the eyeball. 



Melanotic CoDdition of the Eyeball —A condition called staphy- 

 loma, from its resemblance to a bunch of grapes ; it may come from a 

 tumour; use caustic nitrate of silver. There is a bulging and opacity of 

 the cornea, and if the exciting cause continues there is complete opacity 

 of the cornea The remedy is to puncture the cornea and let the con- 

 tained fluids out. Perhaps there are chances of recovery. It is apt to 

 be associated with some constitutional disturbance, and vision is likely 

 to be lost. 



CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 



Variola. — This is a disease that occurs in all domestic animals, 

 and perhaps in wild as well. It is an eruptive febrile disease, so 

 caUed from a peculiar spotted eruptive appearance on the skin. 

 Small-pox has affected many people in many countries. It may be 

 described as an acute febrile disease, and like all febrile diseases 

 runs a certain course, and there is eruption of the skin, either vesi- 

 cular or postular. It may occur in a simple or complicated form ; it 

 is first vesicular and then postular. It belongs to the zymotic class 

 of diseases, due to ccntagium in some form or other. This conta- 

 gium is in either a fixed or volatile form. In the cow it is in a fixed 

 form. In the sheep it is almost as well marked as in cows. It is 

 a difficult matter to say just how contagium may be carried and 

 disease produced ; there are well marked stages. The system re- 

 ceives the contagium in some form or other. There is the incubatory 



